I. Natural Conditions
Average Temperature Temperature refers to the air temperature, generally expressed in centigrade in China. Thermometers used for meteorological observation are placed in sun-blinded boxes 1.5 meters above the ground with good ventilation. Therefore, temperatures cited in general are the temperatures in sun-blinded boxes 1.5 meters above the ground. The monthly average temperature is obtained by the sum of daily temperatures of the month, then divided by the number of days in the months, and the sum of the monthly average temperatures of the 12 months in the year divided by 12 represents the annual average temperature.
Annual Average Relative Humidity Humidity is the ratio between the actual hydrosphere pressure in the air and the saturated hydrosphere pressure at the present temperature, usually expressed in percentage terms. The average humidity is calculated in the same way as the average temperature.
Annual Sunshine Hours Sunshine refer to the duration when the sunshine falls on earth, usually expressed in hours. It is calculated with the same approach as the calculation of precipitation.
Annual Precipitation Precipitation refers to the volume of water, in liquid or solid (then melted) form, falling from the sky onto earth, without being evaporated, leaked or eroded, express normally in millimeters. The monthly precipitation is obtained by the sum of daily precipitation of the month, and the annual precipitation is the sum of monthly precipitation of the 12 months of the year.
Ⅱ. Freshwater Environment
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement of Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion with groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply systems from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs； supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply includes supplies by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Total Water Use refers to water use by all kinds of user, including water loss during transportation. including water loss during transportation.
Water Use by Agriculture including water use for irrigation of farming fields, forestry fields, grassland, replenishment of fishing pools, and livestock & poultry.
Water Use by Industry refers to water use by industrial and mining enterprises in the production process of manufacturing, processing, cooling, air conditioning, cleansing, washing and so on. Only including new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprise.
Water Use by Households and Service including water use for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public use (including service sector and construction). Rural water use by living consumption refers to households.
Water Use by Biological Protection Only including the replenishment of some rivers and lakes and use for urban environment, excluding the natural precipitation and runoff meet.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to users, including loss during transportation, broken down with use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and biological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing pools.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Households and Service includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households and animals.
Water Use by Biological Protection includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets, including waste water from production process, directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be included if the discharge is not separated with waste water).
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Number of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities refers to the number of existing facilities (including constructions) for the prevention and control of water pollution and the comprehensive utilization of treated water resources in enterprises in the reporting period, a wastewater treatment system as a unit. The subsidiary water treatment equipments and ancillary equipments are not calculated separately. It excludes scrapped facilities.
Treatment Capacity of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities refers to the actual capacity of the wastewater treatment of internal wastewater treatment facilities in enterprises in the reporting period.
Expenditure of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facilities refers to the costs of maintaining wastewater treatment facilities in enterprises in the reporting period. It includes energy consumption, equipment maintenance, staff wages, management fees, pharmacy fees and other expenses associated with the operation of the facility.
Ⅲ. Marine Environment
Sea Area with Water Quality at Grade Ⅱ refers to marine area meeting the national quality standards for Grade II marine water, suitable for marine cultivation, bathing, marine sport or recreation activities involving direct human touch of marine water, and for sources of industrial use of water related to human consumption.
Sea Area with Water Quality at Grade Ⅲ refers to marine area meeting the national quality standards for Grade III marine water, suitable for water sources of general industrial use.
Sea Area with Water Quality at Grade Ⅳ refers to marine area meeting the national quality standards for Grade IV marine water, only suitable for harbors and ocean development activities.
Sea Area with Water Quality below Grade Ⅳ refers to marine area where the quality of water is worse than the national quality standards for Grade IV marine water.
Ⅳ. Atmospheric Environment
Industrial Sulphur Dioxide Emission refers to the total volume of sulphur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere in the fuel combustion and production processes of enterprises in the reporting period. Industrial sulfur dioxide comes mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.), but also includes industrial emissions in sulphide of smelting and in sulfate or phosphate fertilizer producing.
Industrial Nitrogen Oxide Emission refers to the total volume of nitrogen oxide emitted into the atmosphere in the fuel combustion and production processes of enterprises in the reporting period.
Industrial Soot (Dust) Emission refers to the total volume of soot and industrial dust emitted into the atmosphere in the fuel combustion and production processes of enterprises in the reporting period.
Industrial Waste Gas Emission refers to the total volume of pollutant-containing gas emitted into the atmosphere in the fuel combustion and production processes within the area of the factory in the reporting period in standard conditions (273K, 101325Pa).
Number of Industrial Waste Gas Treatment Facilities refers to the total number of waste gas treatment facilities for reducing or recycling pollutants of the fuel combustion and production process in enterprises in the reporting period, a waste gas treatment system as a unit. The subsidiary water treatment equipments and ancillary equipments are not calculated separately. It includes flue gas treatment facilities of dust removal, desulfurization, denitration and other pollutants. It excludes scrapped facilities. Dust removal device in boiler should be included as a "three simultaneities" equipment.
Treatment Capacity of Industrial Waste Gas Treatment Facilities refers to actual waste gas processing capacity of emission control facilities at the end of the reporting period.
Expenditure of Industrial Waste Gas Treatment Facilities refers to the running costs of the waste gas treatment facilities to maintain in the reporting period. Including energy consumption, equipment depreciation, equipment maintenance, staff wages, management fees, pharmacy fees associated with the operation of the facility other expenses.
Ⅴ. Solid Waste
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Generated refer to the industrial solid wastes that are not listed in the National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes, or not regarded as hazardous according to the national hazardous waste identification standards (GB5085) , solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB5086) and solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB/T 15555). The calculation formula is as followed:
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Produced = (common industrial solid wastes utilized – the proportion of utilized stock of previous years) + common industrial solid waste stock + (common industrial solid wastes disposed – the proportion of disposed stock of previous years) + common industrial solid wastes discharged
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Comprehensively Utilized refer to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year) during the report period, e.g. being used as agricultural fertilizers, building materials or as material for paving road. Examples of such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road material. The information shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to alter the physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock of Common Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites by enterprises for purposes of utilization or disposal during the report period. The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes dumped or discharged by producing enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites.
Hazardous Wastes Generated refers to the volume of actual hazardous wastes produced by surveyed samples throughout the year of the survey. Hazardous waste refers to those included in the national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following properties in light of the national hazardous wastes identification standards and methods: explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers. The report of this indicator should follow the National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes (the NO.1 Ministry Order in 2008 by the Ministry of Environment Protection and National Development and Reform Commission).
Hazardous Wastes Utilized refers to the volume of hazardous wastes that are used to extract materials for raw materials or fuel throughout the year of the survey, including those utilized by the producing enterprise and those provided to other enterprises for utilization.
Hazardous Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of hazardous wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to alter the physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock of Hazardous Wastes refers to the volume of hazardous wastes specially packaged and placed in special facilities or special sites by enterprises. The special stock facilities should meet the requirements set in relevant environment protection laws and regulations such as “Pollution Control Standards for Hazardous Waste Stock”(GB18597-2001) in regard to package of hazardous waste, location, design, safety, monitoring and shutdown, and take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Ⅵ. Natural Ecology
Nature Reserves refers to the areas with special protection and management according to law, including representative natural ecosystems, natural areas the endangered wildlife live in, water conservation areas, land, ground water or sea with the protective objects like natural or historical remains those have special significance. It must be established by the county government or above levels. It doesn't include the scenic areas and cultural relic protective areas.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Ⅶ. Land Use
Area under Land Survey refers to the total area of land, under the land survey, including land for agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area of Afforested Land refers to area for afforestation development, including arbor forest lands with a canopy density of 0.2 degrees or more as well as bamboo forest lands, bush shrub forest lands, sparse forest lands, stump lands, burned areas, non-mature forestation lands, nursery land, and land appropriate to the forestation planned by the people’s government at or above the county level.
Area of Grassland refers to area of grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland areas.
Ⅷ. Forestry
Forest Area refers to the area of trees and bamboos grow with canopy density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Area of Artifical Forests refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of forested land to area of total land by administrative areas. Its calculation formula is:
Forest Coverage Rate = area of forested land / area of total land×100%
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of trees growing in land, including trees in forest, tress in sparse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region．It is also an important indicator illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest ecological environment.
Afforestation Area refers to use artificial measures to produce or restore forests, trees, shrubberies at barren hills, undeveloped land, desert, area with no or spare forests, cropland converted to forest and other land that adapt to afforestation.
Plantation Establishment refers to use artificial technique like seeding and planting to increase forest vegetation coverage rate at barren hills, undeveloped land, desert, area with no or spare forests, cropland converted to forest and other land that adapt to afforestation.
Aerial Seeding Afforestation refers to use airplane and other appropriate artificial measures to seed at barren hills, undeveloped land, desert, forest with spare woods, farmland or other land that adapt to afforestation, let them become forest or grassland vegetation naturally, to increase forest vegetation cover rate.
Seal Mountain to Foster Forests in Area Without Forest or Sparse Forest refers to close the area of no or spare with forest that adapt to afforestation and use other artificial measures to let it become forest or grassland vegetation.
Timber Forests refer to forests which are mainly for the production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose refer to forests planted mainly for national defence, environment protection or scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in China’s forest industry that involves the largest investment. It consists of 3 components: 1) Complete halt of all cutting and logging activities in the natural forests at the upper stream of Yangtze River and the upper and middle streams of the Yellow River. 2) Significant reduction of timber production of key state forest zones in northeast provinces and in Inner Mongolia. 3) Better protection of natural forests in other regions through rehabilitation programs.
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in the development of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of project on North China protection forests, phase II of project on protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand and Dust in Beijing and Tianjin these Beijing-ring projects aim at harnessing the sand and dust weather around Beijing and its vicinities. As the key to the development of Beijing-Tianjin ecological zone, these projects are of particular importance as it concerns the image of China’s capital city and the whole country.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these projects look into the future with strategic perspective and are integrated with international trends.
Ⅸ. Natural Disasters & Environmental Accidents
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering the landslides. Several damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks, penetration of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst subside.
Environmental Accident refer to environmental events that suddenly, causing or maybe cause heavy casualties, major property losses, major threat and damage to the nation or a region's economic, social and political stability, and the events have a significant social impact and related to public safety.
Ⅹ. Environmental Investment
Investment in Treatment of Environment Pollution refers to the fixed assets investment in the treatment of industrial pollution and in the construction of environment infrastructure facilities in cities and towns. It includes investment in treatment of industrial pollution, environment protection investment in environment protection acceptance project in this year, and investment in the construction of environment infrastructure facilities in cities and towns.
Ⅺ. Urban Environment
Length of Paved Roads at the Year-end refers to the length of roads with paved surface including squares bridges and tunnels connected with roads by the end of the year. Length of the roads is measured by the central lines for vehicles for paved roads with a width of 3.5 meters and over, including roads in open-ended factory compounds and residential quarters.
Urban Bridges refer to bridges built to cross over natural or man-made barriers, including bridges over rivers, overpasses for traffic and for pedestrian, underpasses for pedestrian, etc. Both permanent and semi-permanent bridges are included.
Length of Urban Sewage Pipes refers to the total length of general drainage, trunks. branch and inspection wells, connection wells, inlets and outlets, etc.
Annual Volume of Water Supply refers to the total volume of water supplied by water-works (units) during the reference period, including both the effective water supply and loss during the water supply.
Percentage of Urban Population with Access to Tap Water refers to the ratio of the urban population with access to tap water to the total urban population. The formula is:
Percentage of Population with Access to Tap Water= Urban Population with Access to Tap Water /Urban Population ×100%
Daily Disposal Capacity of Urban Sewage refers to the designed 24-hour capacity of sewage disposal by the sewage treatment works or facilities.
Length of Gas Pipelines refers to the total length of pipelines in use between the outlet of the compressor of gas-work or outlet of gas stations and the leading pipe of users, excluding pipelines within gasworks, delivery stations, LPG storage stations, refilling stations, gas-mixing stations and supply stations.
Volume of Gas Supply refers to the total volume of gas provided to users by gas-producing enterprises (units) in a year, including the volume sold and the volume lost.
Percentage of Urban Population with Access to Gas refers to the ratio of the urban population with access to gas to the total urban population at the end of the reference period. The formula is:
Percentage of Population with Access to Gas = (Urban Population with Access to Gas / Urban Population) × 100%
Heating Capacity in Urban Area refers to the designed capacity of heating enterprises (units) in supplying heating energy to urban users during the reference period.
Quantity of Heat Supplied in Urban Area refers to the total quantity of heat from steam and hot water supplied to urban users by heating enterprises (units) during the reference period.
Length of Heating Pipelines refers to the total length of steam or hot water pipelines for sources of heat to the leading pipelines of the buildings of the users, excluding internal pipelines in heat generating enterprises.
Consumption Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that transported. Its calculation formulae is:
Ratio= Consumption Wastes Treated / Consumption Wastes Produced×100%
Number of Vehicles under Operation at the Year-end refers to the total number of vehicles under operation by public transport enterprises (units) at the end of the year, based on the records of operational vehicles by the enterprises (units).
Area of Urban Green Areas refers to the total area occupied for green projects at the end of the reference period, including Park green land, protection green land, green land attached to institutions and other green land.
Park Green Land refers to the greening land, which having the main function of public visit and recreation, both having recreation facilities and service facilities, meanwhile having the comprehensive function of ecological improvement, landscaping disaster prevention and mitigation and other.
Ⅻ. Rural Environment
Rural Population refers to population living in towns and villages under the jurisdiction of counties.
Population Benefiting from Drinking Water Improvement Projects refer to population who have benefited from various forms of drinking water improvement projects.
Sanitary Lavatories refer to lavatories with complete flushing and sewage systems in different forms, and lavatories without flushing and sewage system where ordure is properly disposed of through high-temperature deposit process for making organic manure.
Households Using Public Lavatories refer to the number of households using public sanitary lavatories in the village without building their private sanitary lavatories.
