Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Cultivated Land refers to land mainly for the regular
cultivation of farm crops (including vegetables), with some fruit trees,
mulberry trees and others, covers cultivated land, newly-developed land,
reclaimed land, consolidated land, fallow, beach land that can guarantee one
harvest per year on average. It also covers fixed ditch, canal, road and sill
(ridge) with width less than 1 meter in the South and 2 meters in the North,
lands planted temporarily with herbs, grass, flowers and nursery stocks, and
other cultivated land with temporary change of use.
Garden Land refers to land for intensive
cultivation of perennial woody plants and herbs to collect fruits, leaves,
roots, stems and juice, with a covering rate over 50% and plant number per mu over 70% of rational plant number. Land for nursery is
included.
Forestland refers to land for planting arbor,
bamboo, bush shrub and land in coastal zones for planting mangrove. It includes
slash, but not the green belts in residential area, forests requested for
railway and highway, and the dike protection forest around rivers and ditches.
Pastureland refers to land mainly for the growth
of herbs.
Volume of Runoff refers to the total
volume of water running through a certain cross section of a river during a
certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or
a region. The formula for calculating volume of runoff is as follows:
Runoff =Precipitation-Evaporation
Drainage Area Each river has its
own main stream and branches to form the water system of the river. Each river
has its own catchment’s area, which is also called as the drainage area of the
river.
Out-flowing Rivers refer to rivers
directly or indirectly flowing into the sea. The area providing water to the out-flowing
rivers is called as out-flowing area.
Inland Rivers refer to rivers in
inland dry areas that die away in desert on the way or infuse into inland
lakes. The area providing water to the inland rivers is called as inland area.
Mineral Resources refer to useful
minerals, with solid state, liquid state, gaseity,
due to the geological process. Minerals are important natural resources, and
important material base for social development. At present, there are more than
170 types of minerals discovered in
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual
mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial
reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and underground
losses.
Average Temperature refers to the air
temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation of average daily temperature
of one month divided by the actual days of that particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation of monthly average of a year
divided by 12 months.
Average Annual Relative Humidity refers to the ratio of
actual water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure under the current temperature. The
calculation method is the same as that of temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness
of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the
ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation
method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months precipitation of a
year.
Annual Sunshine Hours refer to the actual
hours of sun irradiating the earth, usually expressed in hours. The calculation
method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of surface water and groundwater and is measured as
run-off for surface water and replenishment of groundwater with rainfall in
local area.
Surface Water Resources refers to total volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which exist
in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other surface water and are the natural run-off
of rivers.
Groundwater Resources
refers to total volume of year by year renewable dynamic
resources which exist in saturation acquifers of
groundwater and are measured as replenishment of groundwater with rainfall and
surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between
Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off
of rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater includes
some replenishment from surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water of various sources supplied to consumers, including
losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with
storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes
withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers
and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from
pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping
stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from
first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to
others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer
freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater
supply for urban areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells
of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater
desalinization and other water projects.
Water Use
refers to gross water used by various water users, including losses during
distribution.
Water Use by Agriculture
includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields, forestry and orchards,
irrigation of grassland, replenishment of fishing farms and water used by
animal husbandry.
Water Use by Industry
refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within
enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas.
Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public
use (including tertiary industry and construction). Rural water use by living
consumption includes water used by households.
Water Use by Ecological and
Environmental Protection includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Common Industrial Solid
Wastes Produced refers to the
industrial solid wastes that are not listed in the 《National
Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes》, or not regarded as
hazardous according to the national hazardous waste identification standards
(GB5085), solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB5086) and
solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB/T 15555). The
calculation formula is as followed:
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Produced = (common industrial solid wastes
utilized – the proportion of utilized stock of previous years) + common
industrial solid waste stock + (common industrial solid wastes disposed – the
proportion of disposed stock of previous years) + common industrial solid
wastes discharged.
Common Industrial Solid
Wastes Comprehensively Utilized refers to volume of
solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be
converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of
reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the
year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year) during the
report period, e.g. being used as agricultural fertilizers, building materials
or as material for paving road. Examples of such utilizations include
fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information shall be
collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Common Industrial Solid
Wastes Disposed refers to the
quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using
other methods to alter the physical, chemical and biological properties and
thus to reduce or eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites
meeting the requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock of Common Industrial
Solid Wastes refers to the volume of
solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites by enterprises for
purposes of utilization or disposal during the report period. The sites or
facilities should take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and
water contamination.
Common Industrial Solid
Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of
industrial solid wastes dumped or discharged by producing enterprises to
disposal facilities or to other sites.
Hazardous Wastes Produced refers to the volume of actual
hazardous wastes produced by surveyed samples throughout the year of the
survey. Hazardous waste refers to those included in the national hazardous
wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following properties in light
of the national hazardous wastes identification standards and methods:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or
liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers. The report of
this indicator should follow the 《National Catalogue of
Hazardous Wastes》 (the NO.1 Ministry Order in 2008 by the Ministry of
Environment Protection and National Development and Reform Commission).
Hazardous Wastes Utilized refers to the volume of hazardous
wastes that are used to extract materials for raw materials or fuel throughout
the year of the survey, including those utilized by the producing enterprise
and those provided to other enterprises for utilization.
Hazardous Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of
hazardous wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to
alter the physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or
eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock of Hazardous Wastes refers to the volume of
hazardous wastes specially packaged and placed in special facilities or special
sites by enterprises. The special stock facilities should meet the requirements set in relevant
environment protection laws and regulations such as “Pollution Control
Standards for Hazardous Waste Stock” (GB18597-2001) in regard to package of
hazardous waste, location, design, safety, monitoring and shutdown, and take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Consumption Wastes Transported
refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites during the reference period. Consumption wastes are solid
wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for urban
households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban
consumption wastes, including those from households, commercial activities,
markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining
units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical
statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes
produced is replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Forest Area refers to the area of trees and bamboo
grow with a canopy density above 0.2 degree, the area of shrubby tree according
to regulations of the government, the area of forest land inside farm land and
the area of trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads
and rivers.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or
by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of
trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of 0.20 degree or above after 3-5 years of manual planting or
5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock
volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of
forest resources of a country or a region.
Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land, on which acres of forests, trees and shrubs are
planted through manual planting.
Manual
Planting refers to technical measures of sowing, planting seedlings and divided
transplanting on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land to increase vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Airplane
Planting
refers to technical measures of airplane planting with of appropriate
artificial help taken under the influence of natural power to restore certain
amount of seedlings on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land, with an aim of increasing vegetation coverage rate
of forests.
No-stocked Land and Sparse
Forest Land Newly Closed for Afforestation This Year refers to the area of
sparse forest land, brush shrub land, stump land, burned land, barren hills,
barren land, sand dunes where trees can naturally grow or sprout, which are
demarcated, closed down and returned to forest, shrubbery and grass land with
the assistance of special measures by men.
Timber Forests refer to forests which are mainly for the production of timber, including
bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages,
indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted
to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as
food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes,
mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose refer to forests planted
mainly for national defence, environment protection or scientific experiments,
including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests,
environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic
spots, forests in natural reserves.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or
temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or
semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well
as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers,
fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along
the coastal areas.
Natural Reserves refer to number of certain areas
of land, or waters that have been set aside and put under special protection
and management in order to protect natural environment and natural resources,
and promote the sustainable development of national economy. They are subject
to formal approval from governments of various levels. According to the
protected targets, natural reserves can be divided into three categories:
reserves of natural ecological system, natural reserves of wildlife species,
and natural heritage of historical significance.Scenic
spots and cultural preservation zones are not included.
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes
sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly
collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of
mud and rocks in mountainous areas.
Land Subside refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into
holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors.
Number of Forest Fires refers to the number of fires in
forests, woods and woodland outside of the downtown areas of cities. In light
of the area plagued by fires and the number of casualties, forest fires can be
categorized into usual forest fires, relatively larger fires, serious forest
fires and extraordinary serous forest fires: 1). Usual forest fires: the
destructed forest area is less than 1 hectare, or the fire erupts in other
woodland, or the number of deaths is no less than 1 but less than 3, or the
number of seriously injured persons is no less than 1 but less than 10 persons.
2). Relatively larger forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than
1 hectare but less than 100 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less than 3
but less than 10, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 10
but less than 50 persons. 3). Serious forest fires: the destructed forest area
is no less than 100 hectares but less than 1000 hectares, or the number of
deaths is no less than 10 but less than 30, or the number of seriously injured
persons is no less than 50 but u less than 100 persons. 4). Extraordinary
serious forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than 1000 hectares,
or the number of deaths is no less than 30, or the number of seriously injured
persons is no less than 100 persons.
Forest Diseases, Pest and
Rat Plagues refers to the diseases,
pests and rats that plague forests, woods, seedlings and timbers, and bamboos.
Forest diseases refer to the plague of fungi, bacteria, virus, parasitic seed
plants and nematode suffered by wood organism, which will cause pathologic changes
in trees in terms of physiology function, cells, texture and shape.
Environmental
Emergencies refer to environmental
emergencies that caused or likely to cause significant causalities, serious
property damages and pose a major threat and damage to the economic, social or
political stability of the country or a region, or have significant social
impact that related to the public safety.
Number of Earthquakes the number of
earthquakes of all magnitude that cause damages (including casualties or
economic losses).