Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Divisions of
Administrative Areas refer to the division
of administrative areas by the State. The relative laws stipulate that 1) the
whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government; 2) provinces and autonomous regions are
further divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and
cities; 3) autonomous prefectures are further divided into counties, autonomous
counties and cities; 4) counties and autonomous counties are further divided
into townships, ethnic townships and towns; 5) municipalities directly under
the Central Government and large cities are divided into districts and
counties, 6) the State shall, when necessary, establish special administrative
regions.
Average Annual Growth Rate shows the average growth rate of social and economic development during a
longer period. It can not be directly calculated by chain based growth rate.
The relation is:
Average Annual Growth Rate =
Average Speed of Development – 1
Average speed of development
is the time series average of speed which calculated by chain based. Because
the reference bases during the different periods are not same, average speed of
development can not be calculated by the general method. Level approach and
accumulative approach for calculating average speed of development rate are
applied. The “level approach”, or the method of calculating the geometric
average, is derived by the formula of geometric average of the chain-based
speeds of development, or comparing the level of the last year of the interval
with that of the beginning year; the other is called the “accumulative
approach” or the “algebraic average”, “equation” method, which is derived by
the summation of the actual figure of each year in the interval divided by the
figure in the base year. The level approach focuses on the level of the last
year, while the accumulative approach emphasizes the aggregate development in
the duration.
The average annual growth
rates listed in the Yearbook are calculated by the level approach except for
the growth rate of investment in fixed assets. The base year is not listed in
the duration for which average annual growth rates are computed. For instance,
the average annual growth rate of the 43 years since 1949 is shown as the
average annual growth rate of 1950-1992 without showing the base year 1949.
Industrial Classification of
the National Economy The new Industrial Classification of the National Economy (GB/T
4754-2011) is introduced starting from the compilation of 2012 annual
statistics. The revision, based on the 2002 classification, was organized by
the National Bureau of Statistics taking into consideration of the International
Standards of the Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities
(ISIC/Rev.4) of the United Nations. The new Classification was
promulgated by the National Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection
and Quarantine and the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic
of
Registration Status of
Enterprises (Units) Enterprises are classified into 3
categories, namely domestic-funded enterprises, enterprises with investment from
Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and enterprises with foreign investment, according
to the registration status of an enterprise in industrial and commercial
administration agencies. Domestic-funded enterprises include State-owned
enterprises, collective-owned enterprises, cooperative enterprises, joint
ownership enterprises, limited liability corporations, share-holding
corporations Ltd., private enterprises and other enterprises. Included in the
enterprises with investment from Hong Kong,
State-owned Enterprises refer to non-corporation economic units where the entire assets are
owned by the State and which have been registered in accordance with the Regulation
of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of
Corporate Enterprises. Not included from this category are solely
State-funded corporations in the limited liability corporations.
Collective-owned Enterprises refer to economic units where the assets are owned collectively and which
have been registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s
Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises.
Cooperative Enterprises refer to a form of collective
economic units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from employees as their
shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside, where production
is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting for
profits and losses, joint work, democratic management, and a distribution
system that integrates remuneration according to work with dividend according
to capital share.
Joint Ownership Enterprises refer to economic
units established by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate
institutions of the same or different ownership, through joint investment on
the basis of voluntary participation, equality, and mutual benefits. They
include State joint ownership enterprises; collective joint ownership
enterprises; joint State-collective enterprises; and other joint ownership
enterprises.
Limited Liability Corporations refer to economic units established with investment from 2-50 investors and
registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of
China on the Management of Registration of Corporations, each investor
bearing limited liability to the corporation depending on its share of
investment, and the corporation bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of
its total assets. Limited liability corporations include solely State-funded
limited liability corporations and other limited liability corporations.
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. refer to
economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s
Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporations, with
total registered capital divided into equal shares and raised through issuing
stocks. Each investor bears limited liability to the corporation depending on
the holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the
maximum of its total assets.
Private Enterprises refer to profit-making economic units invested and established by natural
persons, or controlled by natural persons using employed labour. Included in
this category are private limited liability corporations, private share-holding
corporations Ltd., private partnership enterprises and private-funded
enterprises registered in accordance with the Company Law, the Law on Partnership Business and Interim Regulations on Private
Enterprises.
Other Domestic-funded
Enterprises refer to domestic-funded economic
units other than those mentioned above.
Joint Venture Enterprises(Funds are from
Cooperative Enterprises(Funds
are from
Enterprises with Sole
(exclusive) Investment from
Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval
from the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in line with
relevant State regulations, where the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macao
or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the total registered capital of the
corporation. In case the share of investment from
Other Enterprises with Funds From Hong Kong, Macao and
Taiwan refer to partnership enterprises with investments
from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan established within the territory of China in
accordance with Administrative Measures on the Establishment of Partnership Enterprises
in China by Foreign Enterprises or Foreign Individuals and Regulations for
the Administration of the Registration of Foreign-invested Partnership
Enterprises.
Joint Venture Enterprises with
Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly
established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the
mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of
China on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures and other relevant laws, where
the sharing of investment, profits and risks is stipulated under contract.
Cooperative Enterprises with
Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or
foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law
of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Contractual Joint Venture
and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of facilities and
the sharing of profits and risks are stipulated under cooperative contracts.
Enterprises with Sole
(exclusive) Foreign Investment refer to enterprises
established in the mainland of
Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Foreign Investment refer
to share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the
former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant
State regulations, where the share of investment from foreign investors exceeds
25% of the total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of
foreign investment is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the
enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding corporation
Ltd.
Other Enterprises with Foreign Funds refer
to partnership enterprises established within the
Government Agencies,
Institutions and Social Organizations are classified into the following
categories by source of funds and manner of management taking reference of the
registration status of enterprises:
(1) Government agencies:
include State and party agencies, classified in principle as State-owned. There
are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperatives which are classified
as collective-owned.
(2) Institutions: include institutions
of various types established with the approval by organization and staffing
departments of the government, but exclude institutions where enterprise
management system is introduced. Institutions are further classified as
follows:
(a) Institutions for which
their main budgets are from government budget appropriations or extra-budget
funds, or allocated from the budget of their competent government agencies.
Such institutions are classified as state-owned.
(b) Institutions for which
their budget mainly come from collective units. Such institutions are
classified as collective-owned.
(c) Social institutions
established by individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as
private.
(d) Institutions other than
those mentioned above for which their sources of budget are not clear. Such
institutions are classified by the manner of management.
(3) Social organizations:
include social organizations established with the approval from the Ministry of
Civil Affairs, and organizations that are not covered by social organization
management regulations such as trade unions, women’s federations etc.. Social
organizations are further classified as follows:
(a) Social organizations that
are not covered by social organization management regulations of the Ministry
of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, women federations, communist youth
leagues, youth associations, industrial and commerce associations, scientist
associations, overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundations and fund
management organizations established with funds from the state, and social
organizations whose funds mainly come from the budget of their competent
government agencies. Such institutions are classified as State-owned.
(b) Social organizations for
which their budget mainly come from collective units. Such institutions are
classified as collective-owned.
(c) Social organizations
established by individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as
private.
(d) Social organizations other
than those mentioned above for which their sources of budget are not clear.
Such organizations are classified by the manner of management.