Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Area
of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed for the regular cultivation of various
farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and land
laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area
of Afforested Land refers to area for afforestation development,
including arbor forest lands with a canopy density of 0.2 degrees or more as
well as bamboo forest lands, bush shrub forest lands, sparse forest lands,
stump lands, burned areas, non-mature forestation lands, nursery lands, and
land appropriate to the forestation planned by the people’s government at or
above the county level.
Area
of Grassland refers to area of grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a
vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or
harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland
areas.
Volume
of Runoff refers to the total volume of water running through a certain cross
section of a river during a certain period of time, reflecting the water
resource condition in a country or a region. The formula for calculating volume
of runoff is as follows:
Runoff =Precipitation-Evaporation
Drainage
Area Each river has its own main stream and branches to form the water system
of the river. Each river has its own catchment’s area, which is also called as
the drainage area of the river.
Out-flowing
Rivers refer to rivers directly or indirectly flowing into the sea. The area
providing water to the out-flowing rivers is called as out-flowing area.
Inland
Rivers refer to rivers in inland dry areas that die away in desert on the way or
infuse into inland lakes. The area providing water to the inland rivers is
called as inland area.
Mineral
Resources refer to useful minerals, with solid state, liquid state, gaseity, due to the geological process. Minerals are
important natural resources, and important material base for social
development. At present, there are more than 170 types of minerals discovered
in
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral
reserves (including industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus
extracted parts and underground losses.
Average
Temperature Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation
of average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that
particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation
of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.
Relative
Humidity refers to the ratio of actual water vapour
pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure
under the current temperature. The calculation method is the same as that of
temperature.
Volume
of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water
falling from the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or
run off. The calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of
daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12
months precipitation of a year.
Sunshine
Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth. The calculation
method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total
Water Resources refers to total volume of surface
water and groundwater and is measured as run-off for surface water and
replenishment of groundwater with rainfall in local area.
Surface
Water Resources refers to total volume of year by
year renewable dynamic resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and
other surface water and are the natural run-off of rivers.
Groundwater
Resources refers to total volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which
exist in saturation acquifers of groundwater and are
measured as replenishment of groundwater with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated
Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e.
run-off of rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater
includes some replenishment from surface water.
Water
Supply refers to gross water of various sources
supplied to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface
Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water
supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply
from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow
includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if
there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from
rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water
supplies transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent
river drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of
storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater
Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells,
broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly
brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by
both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other
Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste-water
treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Water
Use refers to gross water used by various water
users, including losses during distribution.
Water
Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes irrigation of
forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing
farms.
Water
Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water,
excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water
Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for
living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunications and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water
Use by Ecological and Environmental Protection
includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to the
industrial solid wastes that are not listed in the 《National Catalogue of Hazardous
Wastes》, or not
regarded as hazardous according to the national hazardous waste identification
standards (GB5085), solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity
(GB5086) and solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity (GB/T
15555). The calculation formula is as followed:
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Produced =
(common industrial solid wastes utilized – the proportion of utilized stock of
previous years) + common industrial solid waste stock + (common industrial
solid wastes disposed – the proportion of disposed stock of previous years) +
common industrial solid wastes discharged.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Comprehensively Utilized
refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted
or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by
means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing
in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year) during
the report period, e.g. being used as agricultural fertilizers, building
materials or as material for paving road. Examples of such utilizations include
fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information shall be
collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the
quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using
other methods to alter the physical, chemical and biological properties and
thus to reduce or eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites
meeting the requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock
of Common Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the
volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites by
enterprises for purposes of utilization or disposal during the report period.
The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage,
and air and water contamination.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the
volume of industrial solid wastes dumped or discharged by producing enterprises
to disposal facilities or to other sites.
Hazardous
Wastes Produced refers to the volume of actual
hazardous wastes produced by surveyed samples throughout the year of the
survey. Hazardous waste refers to those included in the national hazardous
wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following properties in light
of the national hazardous wastes identification standards and methods:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or
liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers. The report of
this indicator should follow the 《National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes》 (the NO.1 Ministry Order in 2008 by the Ministry of Environment
Protection and National Development and Reform Commission).
Hazardous
Wastes Utilized refers to the volume of hazardous
wastes that are used to extract materials for raw materials or fuel throughout
the year of the survey, including those utilized by the producing enterprise
and those provided to other enterprises for utilization.
Hazardous
Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of hazardous
wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to alter the
physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or eliminate
the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for
environmental protection during the report period.
Stock
of Hazardous Wastes refers to the volume of
hazardous wastes specially packaged and placed in special facilities or special
sites by enterprises. The special stock facilities should meet the requirements set in relevant
environment protection laws and regulations such as “Pollution Control
Standards for Hazardous Waste Stock” (GB18597-2001) in regard to package of
hazardous waste, location, design, safety, monitoring and shutdown, and take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Hazardous
Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of Hazardous
wastes not disposed in accordance with relevant regulations by producing
enterprises during the report period.
Consumption
Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption
wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites during the
reference period. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban
households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes
regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those
from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public
sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio
of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption
wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult
to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that
transported. It is calculated as:
Forest
Area
refers to the area of trees and bamboo grow with a canopy density above
0.2 degree, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the
government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees
planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Area
of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing
forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or
higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of
0.20 degree or above after 3-5
years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total
Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Stock
Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows
the total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region.
Area
of Afforestation refers to the total area of land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills,
idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land,
woodland and “grain for green” land, on which acres of forests, trees and
shrubs are planted through manual planting.
Manual
Planting refers to technical measures of sowing, planting seedlings and divided
transplanting on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land to increase vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Airplane
Planting
refers to technical measures of airplane planting with of appropriate
artificial help taken under the influence of natural power to restore certain
amount of seedlings on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land, with an aim of increasing vegetation coverage rate
of forests.
No-stocked
Land and Sparse Forest Land Newly Closed for Afforestation
This Year refers to the area of sparse forest land,
brush shrub land, stump land, burned land, barren hills, barren land, sand
dunes where trees can naturally grow or sprout, which are demarcated, closed
down and returned to forest, shrubbery and grass land with the assistance of
special measures by men.
Timber
Forests refer to forests which are mainly for the production of timber, including
bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product
Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages,
indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted
to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as
food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes,
mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection
Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes
planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water resource
conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and
dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside
protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests
for Special Purpose refer to forests planted mainly
for national defence, environment protection or
scientific experiments, including national defence
forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection
forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in
natural reserves.
Wetlands
refer to marshland and peat bog,
whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas,
whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is
less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud
beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland
forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Natural
Reserves
refer to number of certain areas of land, or waters that have been set
aside and put under special protection and management in order to protect
natural environment and natural resources, and promote the sustainable
development of national economy. They are subject to formal approval from
governments of various levels. According to the protected targets, natural
reserves can be divided into three categories: reserves of natural ecological
system, natural reserves of wildlife species, and natural heritage of
historical significance.Scenic spots and cultural
preservation zones are not included.
Landslides refer to the
geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along
certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force.
Collapse
refers to the geological phenomenon
of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff
as a result of gravitational force.
Mud-rock
Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of mud
and rocks in mountainous areas.
Land
Subside
refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding
into holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors.
Number
of Forest Fires refers to the number of fires in
forests, woods and woodland outside of the downtown areas of cities. In light
of the area plagued by fires and the number of casualties, forest fires can be
categorized into usual forest fires, relatively larger fires, serious forest
fires and extraordinary serous forest fires: 1). Usual forest fires: the
destructed forest area is less than 1 hectare, or the fire erupts in other
woodland, or the number of deaths is no less than 1 but less than 3, or the
number of seriously injured persons is no less than 1 but less than 10 persons.
2). Relatively larger forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than
1 hectare but less than 100 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less than 3
but less than 10, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 10
but less than 50 persons. 3). Serious forest fires: the destructed forest area
is no less than 100 hectares but less than 1000 hectares, or the number of deaths
is no less than 10 but less than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons
is no less than 50 but u less than 100 persons. 4). Extraordinary serious
forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than 1000 hectares, or the
number of deaths is no less than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons
is no less than 100 persons.
Forest
Diseases, Pest and Rat Plagues refers to the
diseases, pests and rats that plague forests, woods, seedlings and timbers, and
bamboos. Forest diseases refer to the plague of fungi, bacteria, virus,
parasitic seed plants and nematode suffered by wood organism, which will cause
pathologic changes in trees in terms of physiology function, cells, texture and
shape.
Environmental
Emergencies refer to environmental emergencies that
caused or likely to cause significant causalities, serious property damages and
pose a major threat and damage to the economic, social or political stability
of the country or a region, or have significant social impact that related to
the public safety.
Number of Earthquakes the number of earthquakes of all magnitude that cause damages (including casualties or economic losses).