Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Territory refers to territorial land, sea
and air space under the administration of the People’s Republic of
Climate refers to the natural
environmental status formed by the long-term exchange of energy and mass
between the earth and the atmosphere, and is the result of interaction of many
factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors and also the important
resources for living and production activities of the human being. The average
values across several years of meteorological factors such as temperature,
rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters to describe the climate
of a region, while the average values (or total values) of a given year or
month of meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for
that period of time.
Natural Resources refer to material
resources that could be obtained from the nature by human being and used for
production and living. Natural resources in general can be classified as
renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to
resources that could be renewed and recycled during a relatively short period
of time, including land resource, water resource, climate resource, biology
resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources include resources that
could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land
reclaimed for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including
crop-cover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than
3 years.
Area of Afforested Land refers to area for land
for trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-covered land,
bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation
and nurseries of young trees.
Area of Grassland refers to area of
grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate
of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It
includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland areas.
Inland Water Area refers to water area of
rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoir, etc.
Ocean is the general name for sea and ocean.
Ocean refers to the main body of large salt water connected with the earth. Sea
refers to the edge areas of the salt water on the earth that are
compartmentalized or surrounded by land, island, reef or peninsula.
Marine Cultivatable Areas refer to water areas
in beach, shallow sea and lough that are used to
breed marine cash propagation, such as fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, alga and
so on.
Runoff refers to the water gathered at
the way out of the cross section of drainage area either from the surface or
underground after deducting the wastage of the precipitation on the land.
Runoff can be divided into surface runoff, underground runoff and within soil
runoff. Surface runoff refers to water flowing to the rivers, lakes, swamps,
and seas on the surface of the earth. Underground runoff refers to water flow
to rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas through the water-bearing stratum of
confined layer or unconfined layer.
Volume of Runoff refers to the total
volume of water running through a certain cross section of a river during a
certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or
a region. The formula for calculating volume of runoff is as follows:
Runoff =Precipitation-Evaporation
Drainage Area Each river has its
own main stream and branches to form the water system of the river. Each river
has its own catchment’s area, which is also called as the drainage area of the
river.
Out-flowing Rivers refer to rivers
directly or indirectly flowing into the sea. The area providing water to the
out-flowing rivers is called as out-flowing area.
Inland Rivers refer to rivers in
inland dry areas that die away in desert on the way or infuse into inland
lakes. The area providing water to the inland rivers is called as inland area.
Continental Shelf refers to seabed and
subsoil of sea floor area that is beyond the marginal sea of the coastal
countries which stretches naturally of its land territory to continent edge,
and its width is defined by the United Nations Marine Convention. The continental
shelf area is rich in aquatic products, and its seabed contains petroleum,
natural gas and other mineral resources, which belong to the coastal countries.
The continental shelf of our country is the natural stretch of its land
territory to the continent edge besides the marginal sea of our country. It
extends to the seabed and subsoil of the sea floor area to the edge of the
continent. If the distance from the baseline of the marginal sea to the
continent edge is less than 200 nautical miles, it can be extended to 200
nautical miles.
Shallow Sea Cultivation refers to the breeding
of marine cash propagation in the cultivatable shallow sea.
Sea-beaches Cultivation refers to the breeding
of marine propagation in sea-beaches which are made possible by levelling-off the ooze or mud in the tideland and banking
up dams.
Harbour Cultivation refers to marine
cultivation conducted in harbours, bays, or the
sea-beaches or marshes around seaside and bayou by blocking the gate and
banking up the dam.
Mineral Resources refer to useful
minerals, with solid state, liquid state, gaseity,
due to the geological process. Minerals are important natural resources, and
important material base for social development. At present, there are more than
170 types of minerals discovered in
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual
mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including
industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and
underground losses.
Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation of average daily temperature
of one month divided by the actual days of that particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation of monthly average of a year
divided by 12 months.
Relative Humidity refers to the ratio of
actual water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour density under the current temperature. The
calculation method is the same as that of temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness
of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the
ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation
method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months precipitation of a
year.
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual
hours of sun irradiating the earth. The calculation method is the same as that
of the precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured as run-off for
surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area,
excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources
which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and
are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of
aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater
refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off
of rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater includes
some replenishment from surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by
supply systems from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by
surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and
transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs;
supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows
no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes
withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from
transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of water
resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not be
covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from
supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer
freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas
includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by
waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water
projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use
distributed to users, including loss during transportation, broken down into
use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and ecological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes irrigation of
forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing
farms.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of
water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption
includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas.
Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public
use (including services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts,
telecommunications and construction). Rural water use by living consumption
includes both households and animals.
Water Use by Ecological and Environmental Protection includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban
environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry
refers to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises
through all their outlets, including waste water from production process,
directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet
discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced
by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It
should be included if the discharge is not separated from waste water).
Waste Water Directly Discharged into Sea refers to the volume of waste water directly discharged
into sea through outlets of enterprises situated by sea without going through
municipal sewerage networks or any other intermediates or being affected by any
other water bodies.
Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which, with or
without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to all
pollutants.
Urban
Non-industrial Waste Water Discharge refers to annual discharge of non-industrial
waste water by urban households. It is estimated by per capita coefficient
using the formula:
Volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Generated by Urban Non-industrial Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen demand
generated through the annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by urban
households. It is estimated as:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
refers to the amount of oxygen required when chemical oxidants are used to
oxidize organic pollutants in water. A higher value of COD corresponds to more
serious pollution by organic pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission
refers to the discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants
generated from fuel burning and production processes in enterprises within a
given period of time. It is calculated at standard status (273K, 101325Pa) as:
SO2 Emission through Non-industrial and Other Activities is calculated on the basis of consumption of coal by households and
other activities and the sulphur content of coal with the following formula:
SO2 Emission through Industrial Activities refers to volume of sulphur dioxide emission from fuel burning and
production process by enterprises during a given period of time. It is
calculated as:
Industrial Soot Emission refers to the volume of soot
in smoke emitted in the process of fuel burning in the premises of enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and Others
refers to the net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and
economic activities and operations of public facilities other than industrial
activities. It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and
others.
Industrial Dust Emission refers to volume of dust
emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a
given period of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and steel
works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants,
dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in building material
enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers
to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues
produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given period of
time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive
residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining -
gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or alkaline
according to the pH value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5 when the
stone is in, or soaked by water).
Hazardous Wastes refers to those included in
the national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the
following properties in the national hazardous wastes identification standards:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or
liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized
refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted
or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by
means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing
in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year).
Examples of such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road
materials. The information shall be collected by the producing units of the
wastes.
Rate of Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over
industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the previous years). It
is calculated as:
Stock of Industrial Solid Wastes
refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special
sites for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or recycled
(including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years). The
disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for hazardous
wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal, backfill
in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged
refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing
enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones
stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not
included).
Output Value of Products Made from Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid
Wastes refers to the current value of products with
waste gas, waste water and solid wastes as main materials of production.
Products sold and ready to sell shall be included while those produced for own
use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes Transported
refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban
households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes
regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those
from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public
sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated
refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical
statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes
produced is replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Area
under Land Survey refers to the total area of land, under the land
survey, within the jurisdiction of the administrative region, including land
for agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for
agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests,
herbage and other agriculture activities.
Forest Area refers to the area of trees and bamboo
grow with canopy density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree according to
regulations of the government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the
area of trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and
rivers.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of
stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate
of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy
density of 0.20 or above after 3-5 years
of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock
volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of
forest resources of a country or a region. It is also an important indicator
illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest
ecological environment.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber
forest land, woodland and “grain for green” land, on which acres of forests,
trees and shrubs are planted through manual planting.
Manual Planting refers to technical measures of sowing, planting seedlings and divided
transplanting on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land to increase vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Airplane Planting refers to technical
measures of airplane planting with of appropriate artificial help taken under
the influence of natural power to restore certain amount of seedlings on land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills,
idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland and “grain for green”
land, with an aim of increasing vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Mountain-closuring &
Re-planting of
Timber Forests
refer to forests which are mainly for the
production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests
refer to forests that mainly produce
fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine
materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark
or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the
manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests,
trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose,
including water resource conservation forests, water and soil conservation
forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection
forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests
refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose refer to forests
planted mainly for national defence, environment protection or scientific
experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests,
mother-tree forests, environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in
historical or scenic spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain
for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil
erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in
the development of forest industry that have the widest coverage
and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy implications and most
active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of
contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern
China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include
phase IV of Project on North China protection forests, phase II of Project on
protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of Project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II Projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand and Dust in Beijing and
Tianjin these Beijing-ring projects aim at
harnessing the sand and dust weather around
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of
Natural Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and
wetlands, these projects are forward-looking with strategic perspectives in
line with international trends and practices.
Projects on Fast-growing Timber Forests Bases in Key Regions are key
projects for the forest industry to strengthen its capacity in supplying more
timber and forest by-products.
Wetlands refer to marshland and
peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered
areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water
that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed
beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland,
marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Mangrove refers to evergreen woody
plants or plant communities in tropical or sub-tropical zones which live
between the sea and the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
Natural Reserves refer
to certain areas of land, waters or seas that with representative natural
ecological system, natural distribution area of rare or endangered wildlife
species, water conservation district, natural heritage of historical
significance that have been set aside and put under special protection and
management according to law. They are subject to formal approval from
government at and above county level. i
Scenic spots and cultural preservation zones are not included.
Landslides refer to the geological
phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain
soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and
underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational
construction work are usually main factors triggering landslides. Severe
damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy
projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological
phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the
mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by
weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or
earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course or
transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of
mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or
plateaus. High and precipitous topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy
rains or melting water contribute to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers to the geological
phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result
of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst
subside.
Environmental Emergencies refer
to environmental emergencies that caused or likely to cause significant
causalities, serious property damages and pose a major threat and damage to the
economic, social or political stability of the country or a region, or have
significant social impact that related to the public safety.
Investment in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total investment
in harnessing pollution and in the construction of urban environment
infrastructure facilities. The investment in harnessing pollution It includes investment in harnessing sources of industrial
pollution and investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects. Investment in environment pollution
harnessing is the total of investment in harnessing pollution and investment in
urban environment infrastructure facilities.
Funds Allocated to Afforestation refers to the total funds which have been transfered
into the specific accounts of the agencies responsible for afforestation
projects at reporting period.
Completed Investment for Afforestation during the Year reflecting the actual size of investment completed during
January 1 and December 31 of the reference year, this indicator is important in
estimating investment efficiency and in making annual analysis of the
performance of the national economy.