Regular
Institutions of Higher Education refer to educational
establishments set up according to the government evaluation and approval procedures,
recruiting graduates from senior secondary schools as the main target by National
Matriculation TEST. They include full-time
universities, colleges, institutions of higher professional education,
institutions of higher vocational education, institutions of higher vocational
education and others (non-university tertiary, branch schools and undergraduate
classes).
Universities and colleges primarily provide
undergraduate courses; institutions of higher professional education and
institutions of higher vocational education primarily provide professional
trainings; and others refer to educational establishments, which are
responsible for enrolling higher education students under the State Plan but
not enumerated in the total number of schools, including: branch schools of
universities and colleges, and universities and colleges that have been
approved and under plan for construction. Non-university tertiary refers to the
regular undergraduate branch college which is running in new mechanism and mode,
excluding the branch schools and other similar branches of educational
institutions.
Institutions of Higher Education for Adults refer to educational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules
approved by the government, enrolling staff and workers with senior secondary
school or equivalent education, and providing higher education courses in many
forms of correspondence, spare time, or full time for adults. Professionals
thus trained receive a qualification equivalent to graduates studying regular
courses at regular universities, colleges and professional colleges.
Institutions of higher learning for adults include schools of higher education
for staff and workers, schools of higher education for peasants, colleges for
management cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent correspondence colleges,
Radio and TV universities and other educational establishments. Other
educational establishments have undertakings to enrol adult students but not
enumerated in the schools under the State Plan.
Net Enrolment Ratio of Primary
Schools refers to the proportion of school age children
enrolled at schools to the total number of school age children both in and
outside schools (including retarded children, but excluding blind, deaf and
mute children). The formula is:
Government Appropriation for
Education refers to State budgetary fund for
education, taxes and fees collected by governments at all levels that are used
for education purpose, education fund for enterprise-run schools, income from
school-run enterprises, work-study programme and social services that are used
for education purpose.
Budgetary Fund for Education refers to education funding that is planned to be allocated to various
schools and education institutions by central and local financial departments
at various levels within the reference year, which is within the State
budgetary expenditure, including: appropriated funds for education, for science
and research, for capital construction and others.
Research and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and creative activities in the field of science
and technology aiming at increasing the knowledge and using the knowledge for
new application. R&D includes 3 categories of activities: basic research,
applied research and experimentation for development. The scale and intensity
of R&D are widely used internationally to reflect the strength of S&T
and the core competitiveness of a country in the world.
Basic Research refers to empirical or theoretical research aiming at obtaining new
knowledge on the fundamental principles regarding phenomena or observable facts
to reveal the intrinsic nature and underlying laws and to acquire new
discoveries or new theories. Basic research takes no specific or designated
application as the aim of the research. Results of basic research are mainly
released or disseminated in the form of scientific papers or monographs. This
indicator reflects the innovation capacity for original knowledge.
Applied Research refers to creative research aiming at obtaining new knowledge on a
specific objective or target. Purpose of the applied research is to identify
the possible uses of results from basic research, or to explore new
(fundamental) methods or new approaches. Results of applied research are
expressed in the form of scientific papers, monographs, fundamental models or
invention patents. This indicator reflects the exploration of ways to apply the
results of basic research.
Experiments and Development refer to systematic activities aiming at using the knowledge from basic
and applied researches or from practical experience to develop new products,
materials and equipment, to establish new production process, systems and
services, or to make substantial improvement on the existing products, process
or services. Results of experiment and development activities are embodied in
patents, exclusive technology, and monotype of new products or equipment. In
social sciences, experiment and development activities refer to the process of
converting the knowledge from basic or applied researches into feasible
programmes (including conduct of demonstration projects for assessment and
evaluation). There are no experiment and development activities in the science
of humanities. This indicator reflects the capability of transferring the
results of S&T into technique and products, and measures the realization of
S&T in spearheading the economic and social development.
R
& D Personnel refer to persons engaged in research, management and supporting activities of
R & D, including persons in the project teams, persons engaged in the
management of S&T activities of enterprises and supporting staff providing
direct service to the research projects. This indicator reflects the size of
personnel engaged in R&D activities with independent intellectual property.
Full-time Equivalent of R&D
Personnel refers to the sum of the full-time
persons and the full-time equivalent of part-time persons converted by
workload. For instance, if there are 2 full-time persons and 3 part-time
workers (20%, 30% and 70% of working hours respectively on R&D activities),
the full-time equivalent are 2+0.2+0.3+0.7=3.2 person-years. This is an
internationally comparable indicator of S&T manpower input.
Total Internal Expenditure of Funds
on R&D refers to
the real expenditure of surveyed units on their own R&D activities (basic
research, application study, test and development) including direct expenditure on
R&D activities, indirect expendure of management
and services on R&D activities, expenditure on capital construction and
material processing by others. Excluding the expenditure on production
activities, return of loan, and fees transferred to cooperated and entrusted
agencies on R&D activities.
Internal Expenditure of Government
Funds refer to the
expenditure of funds on R&D activities from government agencies at
different levels, including appropriate funds on science and technology from
financial departments, scientific funds, operating expenses from education
departments and the real expenditure of extrabudgetary
funds from government agencies.
Internal Expenditure of Funds of
Enterprises refer to
the expenditure of funds on R&D activities from self-raised funds of
enterprises and funds from other enterprises through entrustment, and the expenditure
of funds of institutions, such a institution of
scientific research and universityies, from
enterprises.
Number of R&D Projects (subjects)
refers to the number of
R&D projects (subjects) set up and implemented at the reference year, and the
number of R&D projects (subjects) set up in former years and under
implementation, including the projects (subjects) finished and failed at the
reference year, excluding the projects (subjects) implemented by others throught entrustment.
Full-time Equivalent of R&D
Personnel refers to the full-time equivalent
of persons actually engaged in R&D projects.(subjects)
Internal Expenditure of Funds on
R&D Projects (subjects)
refers to the real expenditure of internal funds of the surveyed units on
research and test of R&D projects (subjects) at the reference year,
including service fee, other daily expenditure, cost for captital
goods, cost of external process; excluding expenditure of funds transferred to
other cooperated and entrusted units of the projects.
Output Value of New Products refers to the output value of new products
during the reporting period. The new products refer to brand new products
produced with new technology and new design, or product that represent
noticeable improvement in terms of structure, material, or production process
for improving significantly the character of function of the older versions.
The putput value and sales income of the new
products include those of new products certified by
relevant government agencies within the period of certification, as well as new
products designed and produced by enterprises within a year without
certification by government agencies.
Sales
Income of New Products refers to the real sales
income of new products of the enterprises at the reporting period.
Patent is
an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive right of
ownership by the inventors or designers for the creation or inventions, given
from the patent offices after due process of assessment and approval in
accordance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted for inventions, utility
models and designs. This indicator reflects the achievements of S&T and
design with independent intellectual property.
Patented Inventions refer to new technical proposals to the products or methods or their
modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies
with independent intellectual property.
Patented Utility Models refer to the practical and new technical proposals on the shape and
structure of the product or the combination of both. This indicator reflects
the condition of technological results with certain technical content.
Designs
refer to the aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape,
pattern and colour of the product, or their combinations. This indicator
reflects the appearance design achievements with independent intellectual
property.
Intensity
of Input into R&D of Industrial Enterprises
refers to the percentage of main operation income spent on R & D activities
by industrial enterprises.