Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Territory refers to territorial land, sea and air
space under the administration of the People’s Republic of
Climate refers to the natural environmental status
formed by the long-term exchange of energy and mass between the earth and the
atmosphere, and is the result of interaction of many factors. Climate is both
one of the environment factors and also the important resources for living and
production activities of the human being. The average values across several
years of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and humidity are
used as important parameters to describe the climate of a region, while the
average values (or total values) of a given year or month of meteorological
factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for that period of time.
Natural Resources refer to material resources
that could be obtained from the nature by human being and used for production
and living. Natural resources in general can be classified as renewable
resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources
that could be renewed and recycled during a relatively short period of time,
including land resource, water resource, climate resource, biology resource and
marine resource. Non-renewable resources include resources that could not be
renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed
for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including crop-cover land,
fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area of Afforested Land refers to area for land for
trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-covered land, bush-covered
land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation
and nurseries of young trees.
Area of Grassland refers to area of grassland,
grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5%
that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural,
cultivated and improved grassland areas.
Inland Water Area refers to water area of rivers,
lakes, ponds, reservoir, etc.
Ocean is the general name for sea and
ocean. Ocean refers to the main body of large salt water connected with the
earth. Sea refers to the edge areas of the salt water on the earth that are
compartmentalized or surrounded by land, island, reef or peninsula.
Marine Cultivatable Areas refer to water areas in beach,
shallow sea and lough that are used to breed marine
cash propagation, such as fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, alga and so on.
Runoff refers to the water gathered at the way out
of the cross section of drainage area either from the surface or underground
after deducting the wastage of the precipitation on the land. Runoff can be
divided into surface runoff, underground runoff and within soil runoff. Surface
runoff refers to water flowing to the rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas on the
surface of the earth. Underground runoff refers to water flow to rivers, lakes,
swamps, and seas through the water-bearing stratum of confined layer or
unconfined layer.
Volume of Runoff refers to the total volume of
water running through a certain cross section of a river during a certain
period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or a
region. The formula for calculating volume of runoff is as follows:
Runoff
=Precipitation-Evaporation
Drainage Area Each river has its own main
stream and branches to form the water system of the river. Each river has its
own catchment’s area, which is also called as the drainage area of the river.
Out-flowing Rivers refer to rivers directly or
indirectly flowing into the sea. The area providing water to the out-flowing
rivers is called as out-flowing area.
Inland Rivers refer to rivers in inland dry
areas that die away in desert on the way or infuse into inland lakes. The area
providing water to the inland rivers is called as inland area.
Continental Shelf refers to seabed and subsoil of
sea floor area that is beyond the marginal sea of the coastal countries which
stretches naturally of its land territory to continent edge, and its width is
defined by the United Nations Marine Convention. The continental shelf area is
rich in aquatic products, and its seabed contains petroleum, natural gas and
other mineral resources, which belong to the coastal countries. The continental
shelf of our country is the natural stretch of its land territory to the
continent edge besides the marginal sea of our country. It extends to the
seabed and subsoil of the sea floor area to the edge of the continent. If the
distance from the baseline of the marginal sea to the continent edge is less
than 200 nautical miles, it can be extended to 200 nautical miles.
Shallow Sea Cultivation refers to the breeding of marine
cash propagation in the cultivatable shallow sea.
Sea-beaches Cultivation refers to the breeding of marine
propagation in sea-beaches which are made possible by levelling-off
the ooze or mud in the tideland and banking up dams.
Harbour Cultivation refers to marine cultivation
conducted in harbours, bays, or the sea-beaches or
marshes around seaside and bayou by blocking the gate and banking up the dam.
Mineral Resources refer to useful minerals, with
solid state, liquid state, gaseity, due to the
geological process. Minerals are important natural resources, and important
material base for social development. At present, there are more than 170 types
of minerals discovered in
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral
reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial
reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and underground
losses.
Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly
average temperature is the summation of average daily temperature of one month
divided by the actual days of that particular month.
Annual
average temperature is the summation of monthly average of a year divided by 12
months.
Relative Humidity refers to the ratio of actual
water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour density under the current temperature. The
calculation method is the same as that of temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid
state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has
not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as
follows:
Monthly
precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation of a month.
Annual
precipitation is the summation of 12 months precipitation of a year.
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of
sun irradiating the earth. The calculation method is the same as that of the
precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of
water resources measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and
recharge for groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable
resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from
rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment
of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between
Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange
between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some
depletion into groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment from
surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water
supply by supply systems from sources to consumers, including losses during
distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by
surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and
transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs;
supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows
no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes
withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from
transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of water
resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not be
covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals
from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer
freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas
includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by
waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water
projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use
distributed to users, including loss during transportation, broken down into
use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and ecological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes irrigation of
forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing
farms.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals
of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for
living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunications and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water Use by Ecological Protection includes replenishment of
rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of
waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets,
including waste water from production process, directly cooled water,
groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and
sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial
activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be
included if the discharge is not separated from waste water).
Waste Water Directly Discharged into
Sea
refers to the volume of waste water directly discharged into sea through
outlets of enterprises situated by sea without going through municipal sewerage
networks or any other intermediates or being affected by any other water
bodies.
Industrial Waste Water Meeting
Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which,
with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to
all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water
Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. It is
calculated as:
Urban Non-industrial Waste Water
Discharge
refers to annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by urban households.
It is estimated by per capita coefficient using the formula:
Volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) Generated by Urban Non-industrial Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen
demand generated through the annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by
urban households. It is estimated as:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the amount of
oxygen required when chemical oxidants are used to oxidize organic pollutants
in water. A higher value of COD corresponds to more serious pollution by
organic pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to the discharge
into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants generated from fuel burning
and production processes in enterprises within a given period of time. It is
calculated at standard status (273K, 101325Pa) as:
SO2 Emission through
Non-industrial and Other Activities is calculated on the basis of
consumption of coal by households and other activities and the sulphur content of coal with the following formula:
SO2 Emission through
Industrial Activities refers to volume of sulphur
dioxide emission from fuel burning and production process by enterprises during
a given period of time. It is calculated as:
Industrial Soot Emission refers to the volume of
soot in smoke emitted in the process of fuel burning in the premises of
enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and
Others
refers to the net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and
economic activities and operations of public facilities other than industrial
activities. It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and
others.
Industrial Dust Emission refers to volume of dust
emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a
given period of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and steel
works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants,
dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in building material
enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of
solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by industrial
enterprises from production process in a given period of time, including
hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and
other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining - gangue and
acid or alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or alkaline according to
the pH value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or
soaked by water).
Hazardous Wastes refers to those included
in the national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the
following properties in the national hazardous wastes identification standards:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or
liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid
wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted
into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation,
processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks
of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Rate of Utilization of Industrial
Solid Wastes refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over
industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the previous years). It
is calculated as:
Stock of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the volume of
solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites for purposes of
utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take measures against
dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of
industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites
meeting the requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or
recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years).
The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for
hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal,
backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of
industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to disposal
facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or dug from
mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Output Value of Products Made from
Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers to the current value of
products with waste gas, waste water and solid wastes as main materials of
production. Products sold and ready to sell shall be included while those
produced for own use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes Transported refers to volume of
consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites.
Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or from service
activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and
regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption
wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult
to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that
transported. It is calculated as:
Area under Land Survey refers to the total area of
land, under the land survey, within the jurisdiction of the administrative
region, including land for agriculture use, land for construction and unused
land.
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for
agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests,
herbage and other agriculture activities.
Forest Resource refers to forests, trees,
forestland and wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and
trees. Trees include trees and bamboo.
Forest Area refers to the area of forest
where trees and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, including land of
natural woods and planted woods, but excluding bush land and thin forest land.
It reflects the total areas of afforestation.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing
forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or
higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of
0.20 or above after 3-5 years of
manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of
afforested land to total land area. It is a very important indicator that
reflects the status of abundance of forest resource and balance of the
ecosystem. Forest area includes the area of trees and bamboo grow with canopy
density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the
government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees
planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. The
formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows:
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of
wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest
resources of a country or a region. It is also an important indicator
illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest ecological
environment.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills,
idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land,
woodland and “grain for green” land, on which acres of forests, trees and
shrubs are planted through manual planting.
Manual Planting refers to technical measures of
sowing, planting seedlings and divided transplanting on land suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand
dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland and “grain for green” land to increase
vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Airplane Planting refers to technical measures of airplane
planting with of appropriate artifical help taken
under the influence of natural power to restore certain amount of seedlings on
land suitable for afforestation, including barren
hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland and “grain for
green” land, with an aim of increasing vegetation coverage rate of forests.
Mountain-closuring & Re-planting of
Timber Forests refer to forests which are
mainly for the production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest
bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly
produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and
medicine materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits,
leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for
the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes
planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water resource
conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and
dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside
protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly
for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose refer to forests planted mainly
for national defence, environment protection or
scientific experiments, including national defence
forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection
forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in
natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological
project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated
Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion
in key regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in the
development of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most
sophisticated procedures, with strong policy implications and most active
participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in
North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China
with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of
sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and
the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV
of Project on North China protection forests, phase II of Project on protection
forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of Project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II Projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand
and Dust in Beijing and Tianjin these Beijing-ring projects aim at
harnessing the sand and dust weather around
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals
and Plants and on Construction of Natural Reserves aiming at gene preservation and
protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these projects are
forward-looking with strategic perspectives in line with international trends
and practices.
Projects on Fast-growing Timber
Forests Bases in Key Regions are key projects for the
forest industry to strengthen its capacity in supplying more timber and forest
by-products.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog,
whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas, whether
stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is less than
6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach,
mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests,
lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Mangrove refers to evergreen woody plants or
plant communities in tropical or sub-tropical zones which live between the sea
and the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
Natural Reserves refer to certain areas of land,
waters or sea demarked and approved by relevant governments at all levels to
put under special protection and management in order to protect the natural
environment and natural resources and
to promote the sustainable development of the national economy.
According to the objects be protected, the natural reserves are classified into
classes of natural ecosystem, wild life and natural heritage. Scenic spots and
cultural preservation zones are not included.
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon
of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain soft surface
as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and underground
water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational construction
work are usually main factors triggering landslides. Severe damages are often
caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy projects, and in the
construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon
of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff
as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs
buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of
flood torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas.
It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous
topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute
to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers to the geological
phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result
of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst
subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction
Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to
economic or social activities that are contrary to environment protection laws
or due to unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to environment
pollution, destruction of protected wild animals, plants or nature reserves,
damage to human health, economic and property losses, and other negative
impacts on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution
Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of
investment in fixed assets in the total investment in harnessing pollution and
in the construction of urban environment infrastructure facilities. The
investment in harnessing pollution It includes
investment in harnessing sources of industrial pollution and investment in
environment protection facilities designed concurrently with construction
projects. Investment in environment pollution harnessing is the total of
investment in harnessing pollution and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital
construction and updating projects in afforestation
during the reference period.
Unspent Capital from Last Year refer to capital from the previous year
that has not been invested in fixed
assets, including value of materials that have not been used yet, the value of
equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment during the Year reflecting the actual size of
investment completed during January 1 and December 31 of the reference year,
this indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency and in making
annual analysis of the performance of the national economy.