Brief Introduction
Data in this chapter show the development of
I. Main Content and Sources
of Data on Education
Data on education cover the situations on education of
postgraduates, higher education (universities and colleges), secondary
education (senior and junior high schools), elementary education (primary
schools), preschool education, special education (schools for the blind,
deaf-mutes and mentally retarded) and their expenditure. The main indicators
include the number of schools, the number of students enrolled, the number of
new students enrolled, the number of graduates, the number of staff and
workers, the number of full-time teachers, sources and outlay of education
funding, and education expenditure from the State budget.
The Ministry of Education provides statistical data on
education undertakings and education funding. Data on technical training
schools are provided by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.
Detailed information can be found in “Statistical
Yearbook on China’s Educational Undertakings” compiled by Department of
Planning and Development, Ministry of Education; and the “Communiqué on the
Implementation of National Education Funding” compiled jointly by Ministry of
Education, National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance.
II. Main Contents, Sources of
Data and Statistical Methodology on Science and Technology
Data on technology mainly include: data on scientific
and technological activities, R&D activeities all over the country, scientific
and technological institutions under government departments, universities and
colleges, and large and medium-sized industrial enterprises; data on domestic
and foreign patents application accepted and granted, data on scientific and
technological activities of high-tech industrial enterprises, data on scientific
and technological papers; data on import and export trade of high-technological
products; data on technological markets; main economic indicators of high and
new-tech industrial enteriprises in development zones; data on the number of
scientific and technological personnel in state-owned enterprises and
institutions; data on the scientific and technological activities in the system
of associations for science and technology; data on operation institutions and activities
of the polytechnic departments of meteorology, earthquake, surveying and
mapping, product quality supervision.
Coverage of data: data on scientific and technological
activities refer to institutions all over the country engaged in those
activities. They are mainly: industrial enterprises, scientific and
technological institutions under government departments, universities and
colleges, construction enterprises of the first grade, transportation and
telecommunication enterprises at or above prefecture level, agricultural and
health care institutions at or above prefecture level, enterprises engaged in
software development, units engaged in polytechnic scientific and technological
services and so on.
Sources of data: data on national level, various
enterprises, medical and health care institutions and agricultural undertakings
are from National Bureau of Statistics; data on scientific and technological
institutions under government departments are from Ministry of Science and
Technology, and State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for
National Defense; data on scientific and technological papers; technological
markets and high and new-tech industrial enteriprises in development zones are
from Ministry of Science and Technology; data on scientific and technological
activities in universities and colleges are from Ministry of Education; data on
import and export trade of high-technological products are from General
Administration of Customs; Data on the number of scientific and technological
personnel are from Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The China
Association for Science and Technology provides data on the scientific and
technological activities of associations for science and technology. Data on
the development of surveying and mapping, meteorology, earthquake, product
quality supervision and patents are provided separately by the State Bureau of
Surveying and Mapping, China Meteorological Administration, China Earthquake
Administration, National Bureau of Marine Administration, General
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and State
Intellectual Property Office.
Statistical methodology: data on scientific and
technological activities of industrial enterprises, scientific and
technological institutions under government departments, universities and
colleges are collected through complete surveys. Data on scientific and
technological associations, surveying and mapping, meteorology, earthquake, product
quality supervision and patent applications are through sample surveys and
other surveys. Data on construction, transportation, telecommunication,
software industry, agriculture and health care are from rotational sampling
systems with 5 years as one cycle.
Changes of the statistical coverage of data on
scientific and technological activities: before 2000, data only included large
and medium-sized industrial enterprises, scientific research institutions under
government departments, and universities and colleges. Since 2000 (inclusive),
data further include: small industrial enterprises, enterprises and
institutions of construction sector, transportation sector, telecommunication
sector, software sector, agriculture, and health care agencies.