Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Total Water Resources
refers to total volume of water resources measured as run-off for surface water
from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area, excluding transit
water.
Surface Water Resources
refers to total renewable resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and
other collectors from rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources
refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between
Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface
water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion into
groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment from surface water.
Water Supply
refers to gross water supply by supply systems from sources to consumers,
including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply
refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with storage,
flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals
from reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes
with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping
projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and
supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level
regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and
should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply
refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer
freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater
supply for urban areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells
of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources
include supplies by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater
desalinization and other water projects.
Water Use refers to
gross water use distributed to users, including loss during transportation,
broken down into use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and
ecological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes
uses of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry
and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes
irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment
of fishing farms.
Water Use by Industry
refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within
enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption
includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas.
Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public
use (including services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts,
telecommunications and construction). Rural water use by living consumption
includes both households and animals.
Water Use by Ecological Protection
includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry
refers to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises
through all their outlets, including waste water from production process,
directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet
discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced
by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It
should be included if the discharge is not separated from waste water).
Waste Water Directly Discharged into Sea refers to the volume of waste water directly discharged into sea
through outlets of enterprises situated by sea without going through municipal
sewerage networks or any other intermediates or being affected by any other
water bodies.
Industrial Waste Water Meeting
Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste
water discharge which, with or without treatment, reaches national or local
standards with regard to all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water
Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial
waste water meeting discharge standards over total industrial waste water
discharge. It is calculated as:
Urban Non-industrial Waste Water
Discharge refers to annual discharge of non-industrial waste
water by urban households. It is estimated by per capita coefficient using the
formula:
Volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Generated by Urban Non-industrial Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen
demand generated through the annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by
urban households. It is estimated as:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to
the amount of oxygen required when chemical oxidants are used to oxidize
organic pollutants in water. A higher value of COD corresponds to more serious
pollution by organic pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission
refers to the discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants
generated from fuel burning and production processes in enterprises within a
given period of time. It is calculated at standard status (273K, 101325Pa) as:
SO2 Emission through Non-industrial
and Other Activities is calculated on the basis of
consumption of coal by households and other activities and the sulphur content
of coal with the following formula:
SO2 Emission through
Industrial Activities refers to volume of sulphur dioxide
emission from fuel burning and production process by enterprises during a given
period of time. It is calculated as:
Industrial Soot Emission
refers to the volume of soot in smoke emitted in the process of fuel burning in
the premises of enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and
Others refers to the net volume of soot emitted by fuel
burning from all social and economic activities and operations of public
facilities other than industrial activities. It is calculated on the basis of
coal consumption by households and others.
Industrial Dust Emission
refers to volume of dust emitted by production process of enterprises and
suspended in the air for a given period of time, including dust from refractory
material of iron and steel works, dust from coke-screening systems and
sintering machines of coke plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from cement
production in building material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust
emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced
refers to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid
residues produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given
period of time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings,
radioactive residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out
in mining - gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or
alkaline according to the pH value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5
when the stone is in, or soaked by water).
Hazardous Wastes
refers to those included in the national hazardous wastes catalogue or
specified as any one of the following properties in the national hazardous
wastes identification standards: explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic,
corrosive or liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized
refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted
or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by
means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing
in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year).
Examples of such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road
materials. The information shall be collected by the producing units of the
wastes.
Rate of Utilization of Industrial
Solid Wastes refers to the percentage of industrial solid
wastes utilized over industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the
previous years). It is calculated as:
Stock of Industrial Solid Wastes
refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special
sites for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should
take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water
contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed
refers to the quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed
ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection
and not salvaged or recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes
of previous years). The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be
conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep
underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged
refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing
enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones
stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not
included).
Output Value of Products Made from
Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers to
the current value of products with waste gas, waste water and solid wastes as
main materials of production. Products sold and ready to sell shall be included
while those produced for own use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes Transported
refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban
households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes
regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those
from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public
sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated
refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical
statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes
produced is replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Area under Land Survey
refers to the total area of land, under the land survey, within the
jurisdiction of the administrative region, including land for agriculture use,
land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture Use refers
to land directly used for agriculture production, including land for
cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and other agriculture activities.
Increase of Cultivated Land during
the Year refers to the increase of cultivated land
during the year as a result of land preparation, reclamation, new development,
adjustment of agriculture structure and other reasons.
Decrease of Cultivated Land during
the Year refers to the decrease of cultivated land
during the year as a result of adjustment of agriculture structure,
construction projects, natural disasters, conversion for ecological purpose,
and other reasons.
Area of Man-made Forests
refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes,
with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per
hectare, or with a canopy density of 0.20 - or above after 3-5 years of manual planting or
5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of
Afforestation refers to the total area of land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes,
“grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores or bushes are planted through
manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance with
the required density standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation,
and with a survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules
of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of
75% in areas with less that
Timber Forests
refer to forests which are mainly for the production of timber, including
bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests
refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages,
indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted
to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as
food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection Forests
refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests
refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose
refer to forests planted mainly for national defence, environment protection or
scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental
forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection forests, scenery forests,
trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural
Forests is the Number One ecological project in China’s
forest industry that involves the largest investment. It consists of 3
components: 1) Complete halt of all cutting and logging activities in the
natural forests at the upper stream of Yangtze River and the upper and middle
streams of the Yellow River. 2) Significant reduction of timber production of
key state forest zones in northeast provinces and in Inner Mongolia. 3) Better
protection of natural forests in other regions through rehabilitation
programmes.
Projects on Converting Cultivated
Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming
at preventing soil erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological
construction projects in the development of forest industry that
have the widest coverage and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy
implications and most active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in
North China and Yangtze River Basin
covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of contents, these
projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern China,
northern China and northwestern China and the ecological issues in other areas.
More specifically, they include phase IV of Project on North China protection
forests, phase II of Project on protection forests at the middle and lower
streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake valley, phase II
of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of Project on Pearl River
protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase
II Projects on greenery of plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand
and Dust in Beijing and Tianjin these
Beijing-ring projects aim at harnessing the sand and dust weather around
Beijing and its vicinities. As the key to the development of Beijing-Tianjin
ecological zone, these projects are of particular importance as such storms
affect the image of China’s capital city and hence the whole country.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals
and Plants and on Construction of Natural Reserves aiming
at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands,
these projects are forward-looking with strategic perspectives in line with
international trends and practices.
Projects on Fast-growing Timber
Forests Bases in Key Regions are key projects for the
forest industry to strengthen its capacity in supplying more timber and forest
by-products.
Wetlands
refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or
temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or
semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well
as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers,
fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along
the coastal areas.
Mangrove refers
to evergreen woody plants or plant communities in tropical or sub-tropical
zones which live between the sea and the land in areas which are inundated by
tides.
Natural Reserves refer
to certain areas of land, waters or sea that are representative in natural
ecological systems, or are natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals
or plants, or water conservation zones, or the location of important natural or
historic relics, which are demarked by law and put under special protection and
management. Natural reserves are designated by the formal approval of
governments at and above county level (including those approved by relevant
departments or “revolutionary
committees” before
1980). Scenic spots and cultural preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer
to administrative areas approved by the environment protection agencies of
central and provincial governments and established by provincial, prefecture or
county governments in line with the approved programme for ecological
demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted by the
environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and those
under pilot development stage.
Landslides
refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes
sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force.
Role of surface water and underground water, and destruction of the stability
of slopes by irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering
landslides. Severe damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in
water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse
refers to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly
collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force.
Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or earthquakes,
collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers
to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of mud and
rocks in mountainous areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus.
High and precipitous topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or
melting water contribute to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside
refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into
holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors. Land subside can be
classified as karst subside and non-karst subside.
Environment
Pollution and Destruction Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or
social activities that are contrary to environment protection laws or due to
unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to environment pollution,
destruction of protected wild animals, plants or nature reserves, damage to
human health, economic and property losses, and other negative impacts on the
society.
Investment in Environment Pollution
Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of
investment in fixed assets in the total investment in harnessing industrial
pollution and in the construction of urban environment infrastructure
facilities. It includes investment in harnessing sources of industrial
pollution, investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for
Afforestation refers to the investment in capital
construction and updating projects in afforestation during the reference
period.
Unspent Capital from Last Year
refer to capital from the previous year that has not been invested in fixed assets, including value of
materials that have not been used yet, the value of equipment yet to be
installed, as well as cash in hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment
during the Year reflecting
the actual size of investment completed during January 1 and December 31 of the
reference year, this indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency
and in making annual analysis of the performance of the national economy.