Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources
measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for
groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which
exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are
measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with
rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface
water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion with
groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply
systems from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water
supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply
from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow
includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if
there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from
rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water
supplies transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent
river drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of
storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying
wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and
slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water
mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply
Sources include supplies
by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other
water projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to
users, including loss during transportation, broken down with use by
agriculture, industry, living consumption and biological protection.
Water Use by
Agriculture includes uses
of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and
fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes
irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment
of fishing pools.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water,
excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living
Consumption includes use
of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use
by living consumption is composed of household use and public use (including
services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication
and construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both
households and animals.
Water Use by Biological
Protection includes
replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged
by Industry refers to the
volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their
outlets, including waste water from production process, directly cooled water,
groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and
sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial activities,
but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be included if the
discharge is not separated with waste water).
Waste Water Directly
Discharged into Sea refers
to the volume of waste water directly discharged into sea through outlets of enterprises
situated by sea without going through municipal sewerage networks or any other
intermediates or being affected by any other water bodies.
Industrial Waste Water
Meeting Discharge Standards
refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which, with or without
treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial
Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water
meeting discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. It is
calculated as:
Ratio of industrial waste
water meeting discharge standards = industrial waste water meeting discharge
standards / total industrial waste water discharge
Urban Non-industrial
Waste Water Discharge
refers to annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by urban households.
It is estimated by per capita coefficient using the formula:
Urban non-industrial waste
water discharge = urban non-industrial waste water discharge coefficient ×urban
non-agricultural population ×365
Volume of Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD)
Generated by Urban Non-industrial Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen
demand generated through the annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by
urban households. It is estimated as:
Volume of chemical oxygen
demand (cod) generated by urban non-industrial waster water = Coefficient of
COD generated through urban non-industrial waste water × urban non-agricultural
population ×365
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) refers to index of
water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the
chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial Waste Air Emission
refers to discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants
generated from fuel burning and production process in enterprises within a
given period of time. It is calculated at standard status (273K, 101325Pa) as:
Industrial waste air
emission = emission through fuel burning + emission through production process
SO2 Emission through Non-industrial and Other
Activities is calculated
on the basis of consumption of coal by households and other activities and the sulphur content of coal with the following formula:
SO2 emission through non-industrial and other
activities = consumption of coal by households and other activities ×sulphur content ×0.8 ×2
SO2 Emission through Industrial Activities refers to volume of sulphur
dioxide emission from fuel burning and production process by enterprises during
a given period of time. It is calculated as:
SO2 emission through industrial activities =
SO2 emission from fuel burning + SO2 emission from production process
Industrial Soot
Emission refers to volume
of soot in smoke emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of enterprises.
Soot Emission by
Consumption and Others
refers to net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and
economic activities and operation of public facilities other than industrial
activities. It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and
others.
Industrial Dust
Emission refers to volume
of dust emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in the air
for a given period of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and
steel works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke
plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in building
material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes
Produced refers to total
volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by
industrial enterprises from production process in a given period of time,
including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive
residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining
(gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline
depending on the pH value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is
in, or soaked by, the water.
Hazardous Wastes refers to those included in the national
hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following properties
in the national hazardous wastes identification standards: explosive,
ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or liable to
cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes
Utilized refers to volume
of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be
converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of
reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the
year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of
such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road materials.
The information shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio of Industrial
Solid Wastes Utilized
refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial
solid wastes produced (including stocks of the previous years). It is
calculated as:
Ratio of industrial solid
wastes utilized = volume of industrial solid wastes utilized / (industrial
solid wastes produced + stock of previous years) ×100%
Stocks of Industrial
Solid Wastes refers to
volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites for
purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes
Disposed refers to
quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the
sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or
recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years).
The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for
hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal,
backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes
Discharged refers to
volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to
disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or
dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Output Value of
Products Made from Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers current value of products with
waste gas, waste water and solid wastes as main materials of production.
Products sold and ready to sell shall be included while those produced for own
use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes
Transported refers to
volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or
sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or
from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws
and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption
Wastes Treated refers to
consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it
is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced
with that transported. It is calculated as:
Ratio of consumption
wastes treated = consumption wastes treated / consumption wastes produced×100%
Area under Land
Survey refers to the total area of land,
under the land survey, within the jurisdiction of the administrative region,
including land for agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture
Use refers to land directly used for agriculture
production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and
other agriculture activities.
Cultivated Land at
Beginning (End) of the Year refers
to total area of cultivated land within the geographic area of statistical
survey at the beginning (end) of the year.
Increase of Cultivated
Land during the Year refers to the increase of cultivated land during the year as
a result of land preparation, reclamation, new development, adjustment of
agriculture structure and other reasons.
Decrease of Cultivated
Land during the Year refers to the decrease of cultivated land during the year as
a result of adjustment of agriculture structure, construction projects, natural
disasters, conversion for ecological purpose, and other reasons.
Area of Man-made
Forests refer to the
area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a
survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or
with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or
5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand
dunes, “grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores or bushes are planted
through manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance
with the required density standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation, and with a survival rate of over 85% in
line with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law of the People抯 Republic of China (or a survival rate of 75% in areas with less that
Timber Forests refer to forests which is mainly for the
production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
Fast-growing Timber
Forests
refer to forests
intensively planted and managed through scientific planning to produce
fast-growing, high quality timber product. In these forest bases,
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits,
nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine materials.
By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of
trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the manufacturing
industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut
trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and
bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water
resource conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak
and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside
protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special
Purpose refer
to forests planted mainly for national defence,
environment protection or scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests,
environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic
spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation
of Natural Forests
is the Number One ecological project in China抯 forest
industry that involves the largest investment. It consists of 3 components: 1)
Complete halt of all cutting and logging activities in the natural forests at
the upper stream of Yangtze River and the upper and middle streams of the
Yellow River. 2) Significant reduction of timber production of key state forest
zones in northeast provinces and in
Projects on Converting
Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects)
aiming at preventing soil
erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in
the development of forest industry that have the widest coverage
and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy implications and most
active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection
Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China with a
rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and
dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and the
ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of
project on North China protection forests, phase II of project on protection
forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Harnessing
Source of Sand and Dust in Beijing and Tianjin
these Beijing-ring
projects aim at harnessing the sand and dust weather around
Projects on Preserving
Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of
bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these projects look into the future with
strategic perspective and are integrated with international trends.
Projects on
Fast-growing Timber Forests Bases in Key Regions these are key projects for the forest industry to
strengthen its capacity in supplying more timber and forest by-products.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat
bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas,
whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is
less than 6 metres deep at low tide; as well as coral
beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water
marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal
areas.
Mangrove
refer to evergreen woody plants or plant
communities in tropical or sub-tropical zones which live between the sea and
the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
Nature
Reserves refer
to certain areas of land, waters or sea that are representative in natural
ecological systems, or are natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals
or plants, or water conservation zones, or the location of important natural or
historic relics, which are demarked by law and put under special protection and
management. Nature reserves are designated by the formal approval of
governments at and above county level (including those approved by relevant
departments or“revolutionary committees”before 1980). Scenic spots and cultural
preservation zones are not included.
Ecological
Demonstration Zones
refer to administrative areas approved by the environment protection agencies
of central and provincial governments and established by provincial, prefecture
or county governments in line with the approved programme
for ecological demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted
by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and
those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological
phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain
soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and
underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational
construction work are usually main factors triggering the landslides. Several
damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy
projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological
phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the
mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by
weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or
earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course or
transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood
torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is
found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic
features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the
mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers to the geological
phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result
of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst
subside.
Environment Pollution
and Destruction Accidents
refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or social activities that are in
contrast to environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural
disasters, that lead to the environment pollution, the destruction of protected
wild animals, plants or nature reserves, the damage to human health, the
economic and property losses, and the negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment
Pollution Harnessing Projects refers
to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total investment in
harnessing industrial pollution and in the construction of urban environment
infrastructure facilities. It includes investment in harnessing sources of
industrial pollution, investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed
Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital
construction and updating projects in afforestation
during the reference period.
Unspent Capitals from
Last Year refer to
capitals from the last year that have not been invested in the fixed assets,
including value of materials that have not been used yet, the value of
equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment
during the Year
reflecting the actual size of investment completed during January 1 and
December 31 of the reference year, this indicator is important in estimating
investment efficiency and in making annual analysis of the performance of the
national economy.