Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Average
Annual Growth Rate Two methods for calculating
average annual growth rate are applied, one is often called level approach, or
the method of calculating geometric average, which is derived by comparing the
level of the last year of the interval with that of the beginning year; the
other is called accumulative approach or algebraic average or equation method,
which is derived by the summation of the actual figure of each year in the
interval divided by the figure in the base year. Usually the results calculated
by the two methods are fairly close, but they differed sharply when uneven
economic development occurred with striking fluctuations in growth.
The
average annual growth rates listed in this statistical yearbook are calculated
by level approach except for the growth rate of investment in fixed assets. The
base years are not listed when the years are listed for average annual growth
rates. For instance, the average annual growth rate of 43 years since 1949 is
listed as average annual growth rate of 1950-1992 without listing the base year
1949. And the analogy of this is also the same for the rest of the years.
Industrial
Classification of the National Economy The new Industrial Classification of the
National Economy (GB/T 4754-2002) is introduced starting from the
compilation of 2003 annual statistics. The new revision was basedon
the 1994 classification and
organized by the National Bureau of Statistics taking into consideration
of the International Standards of the Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities (ISIC/Rev.3) of the United Nations, and the new Classification
was promulgated by the National Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection and Quarantine on May 10, 2002. The revised version of the Industrial
Classification of the National Economy (GB/T 4754-2002) is composed of 20
major divisions, 95 divisions, 396 major groups and 913 groups, including 4 new
major divisions, 3 new divisions, 28 major groups and 67 groups.
Registration
Status of Enterprises Enterprises
are classified into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded enterprises,
enterprises with investment from Hong Kong, Macau and
State-owned
Enterprises refer to non-corporation economic
units where the entire assets are owned by the state and which have registered
in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises. Excluded from this
category are sole state-funded corporations in the limited liability
corporations.
Collective-owned
Enterprises refer to economic units where the
assets are owned collectively and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation
of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of
Corporate Enterprises.
Cooperative
Enterprises refer to a form of collective
economic units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from employees as their
shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside, where production
is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting for
profits and losses, joint work, democratic management, and a distribution
system that integrates remuneration according to work with dividend according
to capital share.
Joint
Ownership Enterprises refer to economic units established
by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of the same or
different ownership, through joint investment on the basis of equality,
voluntary participation and mutual benefits. They include state joint ownership
enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises, joint state-collective
enterprises, other joint ownership enterprises.
Limited
Liability Corporations refer to economic units
established with investment from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance
with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of
Registration of Corporations, each investor bearing limited liability to
the corporation depending on its share of investment, and the corporation
bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets. Limited
liability corporations include exclusive state-funded limited liability
corporations and other limited liability corporations.
Share-holding Corporations Ltd.
refer to economic units registered in
accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Management of Registration of Corporations, with total registered capitals
divided into equal shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor
bears limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of shares,
and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total
assets.
Private
Enterprises refer to profit-making economic units invested
and established by natural persons, or controlled by natural persons using
employed labour. Included in this category are
private limited liability corporations, private share-holding corporations
Ltd., private partnership enterprises and private-funded enterprises registered
in accordance with the Corporation Law, Partnership Enterprises Law
and Interim Regulations on Private Enterprises .
Other
Domestic-funded Enterprises refer to domestic-funded economic
units other than those mentioned above.
Cooperative
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan established by investors from Hong Kong,
Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with
the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative
Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of
facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative
contract.
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations
Ltd. established with the approval from the former Ministry of Foreign Trade
and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share
of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the
total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of investment
from Hong Kong, Macau or
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly
established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the
mainland of
Cooperation
Enterprises with Foreign Investment
refer to
enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with
enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the
People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises and other
relevant laws, where the investment or provision of facilities, and the share
of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Foreign Investment
refer to enterprises established in the
mainland of
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Foreign Investment
refer to
share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry
of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state
regulations, where the share of investment from foreign investors exceeds 25%
of the total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of
foreign investment is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the
enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding corporation
Ltd.
Government
Agencies, Institutions and Social Organizations are classified into following categories by
source of funds and way of management taking reference of the registration
status of enterprises:
(1)
Government agencies: include state and party agencies, classified in principle
as state-owned. There are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperatives
which are classified as collective-owned.
(2)
Institutions: include institutions of various types established with the
approval by organization and staffing departments of the government, but
exclude institutions where enterprise management system is introduced.
Institutions are further classified as follows:
(a)
Institutions whose main budget is listed in the government budget
appropriations or extra-budget funds, or allocated from the budget of their
competent government agencies. Such institutions are classified as state-owned.
(b)
Institutions whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such institutions
are classified as collective-owned.
(c)
Institutions other than those mentioned above whose source of budget is not clear. Such institutions are classified by way of
management.
(3)
Social organizations: include social organizations established with the
approval from the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and organizations that are not
covered by social organization management regulations such as trade unions, womens federations etc.. Social
organizations are further classified as follows:
(a)
Social organizations that are not covered by social organization management
regulations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, womens federations, communist youth leagues, youth
associations, industrial and commerce associations, scientists associations,
overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundations and fund management
organizations established with funds from the state, and social organizations
whose funds mainly come from the budget of their competent government agencies.
Such institutions are classified as state-owned.
(b)
Social organizations whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such
institutions are classified as collective-owned.
(c)
Social organizations established by individual or a group of citizens, which
are classified as private.
(d)
Social organizations other than those mentioned above whose source of budget is not clear. Such organizations are classified by way of
management.