Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Total Water Resources refers
to total volume of water resources measured as run-off for surface water from
rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers
to total renewable resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other
collectors from rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers
to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement Between
Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface
water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion with
groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross
water supply by supply systems from sources to consumers, including losses
during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers
to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow,
pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from
reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with
natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects
includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply
from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of
water resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not
be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers
to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater,
deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban
areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include
supplies by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and
other water projects.
Water Use refers to gross
water use distributed to users, including loss during transportation, broken
down with use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and biological
protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes
uses of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry
and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes
irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment
of fishing pools.
Water Use by Industry refers
to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes
use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water
use by living consumption is composed of household use and public use
(including services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts,
telecommunication and construction). Rural water use by living consumption
includes both households and animals.
Water Use by Biological Protection includes
replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry refers
to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all
their outlets, including waste water from production process, directly cooled
water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards
and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial activities,
but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be included if the
discharge is not separated with waste water).
Waste Water Directly Discharged into Sea refers
to the volume of waste water directly discharged into sea through outlets of enterprises
situated by sea without going through municipal sewerage networks or any other
intermediates or being affected by any other water bodies.
Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge
Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which,
with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to
all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water Meeting
Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste
water meeting discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge.
It is calculated as:
Ratio of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards = industrial waste water meeting discharge standards /
total industrial waste water discharge
Urban Non-industrial Waste Water Discharge refers
to annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by urban households. It is
estimated by per capita coefficient using the formula:
Urban non-industrial waste water discharge =
urban non-industrial waste water discharge coefficient urban non-agricultural
population 365
Volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Generated by Urban Non-industrial Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen
demand generated through the annual discharge of non-industrial waste water by
urban households. It is estimated as:
Volume of chemical oxygen demand (cod)
generated by urban non-industrial waster water = Coefficient of COD generated
through urban non-industrial waste water urban non-agricultural population 365
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers
to index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed
by the chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial
Waste Air Emission refers to discharge into atmosphere of waste air
containing pollutants generated from fuel burning and production process in
enterprises within a given period of time. It is calculated at standard status
(273K, 101325Pa) as:
Industrial waste air emission = emission
through fuel burning + emission through production process
SO2 Emission through
Non-industrial and Other Activities is calculated on
the basis of consumption of coal by households and other activities and the sulphur content of coal with the following formula:
SO2 emission through
non-industrial and other activities = consumption of coal by households and
other activities sulphur content 0.8 2
SO2 Emission through Industrial
Activities refers to volume of sulphur
dioxide emission from fuel burning and production process by enterprises during
a given period of time. It is calculated as:
SO2 emission through industrial
activities = SO2 emission from fuel burning + SO2
emission from production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers
to volume of soot in smoke emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of
enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and Others refers
to net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and economic
activities and operation of public facilities other than industrial activities.
It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and others.
Industrial Dust Emission refers
to volume of dust emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in
the air for a given period of time, including dust from refractory material of
iron and steel works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines
of coke plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in
building material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power
plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers
to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues
produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given period of
time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive
residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining
(gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline
depending on the pH value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is
in, or soaked by, the water.
Hazardous Wastes refers to those
included in the national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of
the following properties in the national hazardous wastes identification
standards: explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic,
corrosive or liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers
to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which
can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of
reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the
year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of
such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road materials.
The information shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio of Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers
to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial solid
wastes produced (including stocks of the previous years). It is calculated as:
Ratio of industrial solid wastes utilized =
volume of industrial solid wastes utilized / (industrial solid wastes produced
+ stock of previous years) 100%
Stocks of Industrial Solid Wastes refers
to volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites for
purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers
to quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in
the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection and not
salvaged or recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes of
previous years). The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be
conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep
underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers
to volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to
disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or
dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Output Value of Products Made from Waste
Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers current value of products
with waste gas, waste water and solid wastes as main materials of production.
Products sold and ready to sell shall be included while those produced for own
use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes Transported refers
to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories
or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or
from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws
and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers
to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as
it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is
replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Ratio of consumption wastes treated =
consumption wastes treated / consumption wastes produced ×100%
Area under Land Survey refers to the total area of land, under the land
survey, within the jurisdiction of the administrative region, including land
for agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture Use
refers to land
directly used for agriculture production, including land for cultivation,
gardening, forests, herbage and other agriculture activities.
Cultivated Land at Beginning (End) of the
Year refers to total
area of cultivated land within the geographic area of statistical survey at the
beginning (end) of the year.
Increase of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the increase of cultivated land
during the year as a result of land preparation, reclamation, new development,
adjustment of agriculture structure and other reasons.
Decrease of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the decrease of cultivated land
during the year as a result of adjustment of agriculture structure,
construction projects, natural disasters, conversion for ecological purpose,
and other reasons.
Area of Man-made Forests
refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes,
with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per
hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual
planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable
for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land,
sand dunes, 揼rain for green land, on which acres of arbores or bushes
are planted through manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc.
in accordance with the required density standards of the Technical
Procedures of Afforestation, and with a survival
rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law of
the People抯 Republic of China (or a
survival rate of 75% in areas with less that
Timber Forests
refer to forests which is mainly for the production of timber,
including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
Fast-growing Timber Forests refer to forests intensively planted and
managed through scientific planning to produce fast-growing, high quality timber
product. In these forest bases,
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce
fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine
materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark
or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the
manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection Forests
refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests
refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose
refer to forests planted mainly for national defence,
environment protection or scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests,
environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic
spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is
the Number One ecological project in China抯 forest
industry that involves the largest investment. It consists of 3 components: 1)
Complete halt of all cutting and logging activities in the natural forests at
the upper stream of Yangtze River and the upper and middle streams of the
Yellow River. 2) Significant reduction of timber production of key state forest
zones in northeast provinces and in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to
Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at
preventing soil erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological
construction projects in the development of forest industry that
have the widest coverage and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy
implications and most active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North
China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in
China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the
problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern
China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include
phase IV of project on North China protection forests, phase II of project on
protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand and
Dust in Beijing and Tianjin these
Beijing-ring projects aim at harnessing the sand and dust weather around
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and
Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves
aiming at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature
and wetlands, these projects look into the future with strategic perspective
and are integrated with international trends.
Projects on Fast-growing Timber Forests
Bases in Key Regions these are key
projects for the forest industry to strengthen its capacity in supplying more
timber and forest by-products.
Wetlands refer
to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary;
water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or
salty water that is less than 6 metres deep at low
tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet,
rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt
lakes along the coastal areas.
Mangrove
refer to evergreen woody plants or plant
communities in tropical or sub-tropical zones which live between the sea and
the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
Nature Reserves refer to
certain areas of land, waters or sea that are representative in natural
ecological systems, or are natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals
or plants, or water conservation zones, or the location of important natural or
historic relics, which are demarked by law and put under special protection and
management. Nature reserves are designated by the formal approval of
governments at and above county level (including those approved by relevant
departments or “revolutionary committees” before 1980). Scenic spots and
cultural preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones
refer to administrative areas approved by the environment protection agencies
of central and provincial governments and established by provincial, prefecture
or county governments in line with the approved programme
for ecological demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted
by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments
and those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer
to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down
along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface
water and underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by
irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering the landslides.
Several damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water
conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers
to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly
collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force.
Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of
rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course
or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden
rush of flood torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous
areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous
topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute
to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers
to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or
pits as a result of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as
karst subside and non-karst
subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction
Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or
social activities that are in contrast to environment protection laws or due to
unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to the environment
pollution, the destruction of protected wild animals, plants or nature
reserves, the damage to human health, the economic and property losses, and the
negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution
Harnessing Projects refers to the
proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total investment in harnessing
industrial pollution and in the construction of urban environment
infrastructure facilities. It includes investment in harnessing sources of
industrial pollution, investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the
investment in capital construction and updating projects in afforestation
during the reference period.
Unspent Capitals from Last Year
refer to capitals from the last year that have not been invested in the fixed
assets, including value of materials that have not been used yet, the value of
equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment during the Year reflecting
the actual size of investment completed during January 1 and December 31 of the
reference year, this indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency
and in making annual analysis of the performance of the national economy.