Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Average Annual Growth Rate Two methods for calculating
average annual growth rate are applied, one is often called level approach, or
the method of calculating geometric average, which is derived by comparing the
level of the last year of the interval with that of the beginning year; the
other is called accumulative approach or algebraic average or equation method,
which is derived by the summation of the actual figure of each year in the
interval divided by the figure in the base year. Usually the results calculated
by the two methods are fairly close, but they differed sharply when uneven
economic development occurred with striking fluctuations in growth.
The average annual growth rates listed in
this statistical yearbook are calculated by level approach except for the
growth rate of investment in fixed assets. The base years are not listed when
the years are listed for average annual growth rates. For instance, the average
annual growth rate of 43 years since 1949 is listed as average annual growth
rate of 1950-1992 without listing the base year 1949. And the analogy of this
is also the same for the rest of the years.
Industrial Classification of the National Economy The new Industrial
Classification of the National Economy (GB/T 4754-2002) is introduced
starting from the compilation of 2003 annual statistics. The new revision was
based on the 1994 classification and organized by the National Bureau of
Statistics taking into consideration of the International Standards of the
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC/Rev.3) of the
United Nations, and the new Classification was promulgated by the
National Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine on
Registration Status of Enterprises Enterprises
are classified into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded enterprises,
enterprises with investment from
State-owned Enterprises refer to non-corporation economic
units where the entire assets are owned by the state and which have registered
in accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises. Excluded from this
category are sole state-funded corporations in the limited liability
corporations.
Collective-owned Enterprises refer to economic units where the
assets are owned collectively and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation
of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Registration of
Corporate Enterprises.
Cooperative Enterprises refer to a form of collective
economic units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from employees as their
shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside, where production
is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting for
profits and losses, joint work, democratic management, and a distribution
system that integrates remuneration according to work with dividend according
to capital share.
Joint Ownership Enterprises refer to economic units established
by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of the same or
different ownership, through joint investment on the basis of equality,
voluntary participation and mutual benefits. They include state joint ownership
enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises, joint state-collective
enterprises, other joint ownership enterprises.
Limited Liability Corporations refer to economic units
established with investment from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance
with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of
Registration of Corporations, each investor bearing limited liability to
the corporation depending on its share of investment, and the corporation
bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets. Limited
liability corporations include exclusive state-funded limited liability
corporations and other limited liability corporations.
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd.
refers to economic units registered in
accordance with the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on the
Management of Registration of Corporations, with total registered capitals
divided into equal shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor
bears limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of shares,
and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total
assets.
Private Enterprises refer to
profit-making economic units invested and established by natural persons, or
controlled by natural persons using employed labour.
Included in this category are private limited liability corporations, private
share-holding corporations Ltd., private partnership enterprises and
private-funded enterprises registered in accordance with the Corporation Law,
Partnership Enterprises Law and Interim Regulations on Private
Enterprises.
Other Domestic-funded Enterprises refer to domestic-funded economic
units other than those mentioned above.
Cooperative Enterprises with Funds from Hong
Kong Macau and Taiwan established by investors from Hong Kong,
Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with
the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative
Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of
facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative
contract.
Enterprises with Sole (exclusive) Investment
from
Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with
Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations
Ltd. established with the approval from the former Ministry of Foreign Trade
and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share
of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the
total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of investment
from
Joint-venture Enterprises with Foreign
Investment refer
to enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with
enterprises in the mainland of
Cooperation Enterprises with Foreign
Investment refer to
enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with
enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the
People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises and other
relevant laws, where the investment or provision of facilities, and the share
of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.
Enterprises with Sole (exclusive) Foreign
Investment refer to enterprises established in the
mainland of
Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Foreign
Investment refer to
share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry
of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state
regulations, where the share of investment from foreign investors exceeds 25%
of the total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of
foreign investment is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the
enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding corporation
Ltd.
Government Agencies, Institutions and Social
Organizations are
classified into following categories by source of funds and way of management
taking reference of the registration status of enterprises:
(1) Government agencies: include state and
party agencies, classified in principle as state-owned. There are exceptions,
such as supply and marketing cooperatives which are classified as
collective-owned.
(2) Institutions: include institutions of
various types established with the approval by organization and staffing
departments of the government, but exclude institutions where enterprise
management system is introduced. Institutions are further classified as
follows:
(a) Institutions whose main budget is listed
in the government budget appropriations or extra-budget funds, or allocated
from the budget of their competent government agencies. Such institutions are
classified as state-owned.
(b) Institutions whose budget mainly comes
from collective units. Such institutions are classified as collective-owned.
(c) Institutions other than those mentioned
above whose source of budget is not clear. Such
institutions are classified by way of management.
(3) Social organizations: include social
organizations established with the approval from the Ministry of Civil Affairs,
and organizations that are not covered by social organization management regulations
such as trade unions, women federations etc.. Social organizations are further
classified as follows:
(a) Social organizations that are not
covered by social organization management regulations of the Ministry of Civil
Affairs such as trade unions, women federations, communist youth leagues, youth
associations, industrial and commerce associations, scientists associations,
overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundations and fund management
organizations established with funds from the state, and social organizations
whose funds mainly come from the budget of their competent government agencies.
Such institutions are classified as state-owned.
(b) Social organizations whose budget mainly
comes from collective units. Such institutions are classified as
collective-owned.
(c) Social organizations established by
individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as private.
(d)
Social organizations other than those mentioned above whose source of budget are
not clear. Such organizations are classified by way of management.