Education, Science and Technology
Data in this chapter show
the development of
I. The data on education
cover the situations on postgraduates, higher education (universities and
colleges), secondary education (specialized secondary schools, regular
secondary schools, vocational secondary schools and schools for juvenile
delinquents), primary education (primary schools), kindergarten education,
special education (schools for the blind, deaf-mutes, and the retarded), adult
education of various levels and categories (adult universities and colleges,
adult secondary schools, and adult primary schools), and expenditure on
education. The main indicators cover the number of schools, the number of
students enrolled, the number of new students enrolled, the number of
graduates, the number of staff and workers, the number
of full-time teachers, sources and outlay of education fund, education
expenditure from the state budget.
The Ministry of Education
mainly provides statistical data on education and education funds. Data on the
technical training schools are provided by the Ministry of Labour and Social
Security.
Detailed information can
be found in “Statistical Yearbook on China Educational Undertakings” compiled
by Department of Planning and Development, Ministry of Education; and the “Communiqué
on the Implementation of National Education Funds” compiled jointly by Ministry
of Education, National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance.
II. Data on technology
mainly include: condition of professional scientific and technological
personnel of state-owned enterprises and institutions; scientific and
technological institutions with independent accounting system, scientific and
technological personnel in universities and colleges and various enterprises or
institutions, funds raising and expenditure on scientific and technological
activities, activities of R&D and scientific and technological achievements
and prizes; condition on applied and certified patent applications by services
and non-services both domestically and overseas; the situation of signed
technological contracts on technological market; scientific and technological
activities within scientific and technological system; major economic
indicators of high and new-tech industrial zones and the condition of
comprehensive technological service agencies and their business activities.
Statistical scope: data on
scientific and technological activities include all institutions of the society
engaged in those activities, they are mainly: large and medium-sized industrial
enterprises, scientific and technological institutions with independent
accounting system, universities and colleges, small industrial enterprises above
designated size, the construction enterprises with first grade, transportation
and telecommunication enterprises at and above prefecture level, agricultural
and health care institutions at and above prefecture level, enterprises engaged
in software development, units engaged in scientific and technological services
and so on.
Sources of data: data on
national level, various enterprises, medical and health care institutions and
agricultural undertakings are from National Bureau of Statistics; data on scientific
and technologic research institutions, technological markets and high and
new-tech industrial zones are from Ministry of Science and Technology; data on
scientific and technological activities in universities and colleges are from
Ministry of Education; data on scientific research institutions for defense are
from Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. Department
of Organization of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and
National Bureau of Statistics provide the data on the number of scientific and
technological personnel. The China Association provides data on the scientific
and technological activities of the associations for science and technology for
Science and Technology. Data on the development of the mapping, meteorology,
seismology, ocean, supervision and checking of the products quality and patents
are provided separately by the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China
Meteorological Administration, China Seismological Bureau, National Bureau of Marine Administration, General
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and State
Intellectual Property Office.
Statistical methodology:
data on industrial enterprises, scientific and technological institutions with independent
accounting system and scientific and technological activities of universities
and colleges are collected through complete surveys, of which data on large and
medium-sized industrial enterprises are following the scheme of annual
reporting system, and that of small industrial enterprises above the designated
size are reporting the data every other year. Data on scientific and
technological association, mapping, meteorology, seismology, ocean, supervision
and checking of the products quality and patent applications are through sample
surveys and other surveys. Data on construction, transportation,
telecommunication, software industry, agriculture and health care are from
rolling survey system with 5 years as one cycle.
Changes of the statistical
scope of data on scientific and technological activities: before 2000, data
only included large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, scientific
research institutions with independent accounting system, and universities and
colleges. Since 2000 (inclusive), data include: small industrial enterprises,
construction sector, transportation sector, telecommunication sector, software
sector, agriculture and health care agencies.