Environment Protection
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured as
run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given
area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which exist in
rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are measured as
run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and
surface water.
Duplicated Measurement Between
Surface Water and Groundwater
refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off
of rivers includes some depletion with groundwater while groundwater includes
some replenishment with surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply systems from
sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system,
broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage
projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs； supply
from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no
matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes
withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer
refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of water
resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not be
covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken
down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish
water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by both
waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste-water treatment, rain
collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to users, including loss during
transportation, broken down with use by agriculture, industry, living
consumption and biological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields
and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal
husbandry and fishing includes irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation
of grassland and replenishment of fishing pools.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse
of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living
consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water Use by Biological Protection includes replenishment of rivers and lakes
and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of waste water discharged
by industrial enterprises through all their outlets, including waste water from
production process, directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which
does not meet discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste
water produced by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged
(It should be included if the discharge is not separated with waste water).
Waste Water Directly Discharged into Sea refers to the volume of waste water
directly discharged into sea through outlets of enterprises situated by sea
without going through municipal sewerage networks or any other intermediates or
being affected by any other water bodies.
Industrial
Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge
which, with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge
Standards refers to
percentage of industrial waste water meeting discharge standards over total
industrial waste water discharge. Its calculation formula is:
Urban
Consumption Waste Water Discharge
refers to annual discharge of consumption waste water by urban households. Its
calculation formula is:
COD Generated by Urban
Consumption Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen demand generated by
annual consumption waste water by urban households. Its formula is:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to index of water pollution
measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the chemical breakdown
of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial Waste Air Emission
refers to discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants
generated from fuel burning and production process in enterprises within a
given period of time. It is converted into standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the
following formula:
SO2 Emission by Consumption and Others is calculated on the basis of consumption
of coal by households and others and sulphur content
of coal with the following formula:
Industrial SO2
Emission refers to volume of sulphur
dioxide emission from fuel burning and production process in premises of
enterprises for a given period of time. Its calculation formula is:
Industrial
Soot Emission refers to
volume of soot in smoke emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of
enterprises.
Soot
Emission by Consumption and Others
refers to net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and
economic activities and operation of public facilities other than industrial
activities. It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and
others.
Industrial Dust Emission refers to volume of dust emitted by production
process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a given period of time,
including dust from refractory material of iron and steel works, dust from
coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants, dust from lime
kilns and dust from cement production in building material enterprises, but
excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Produced
refers to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid
residues produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given
period of time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings,
radioactive residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out
in mining (gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or
alkaline depending on the pH value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the
stone is in, or soaked by, the water.
Hazardous
Wastes refers to those included in the
national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following
properties in the national hazardous wastes identification standards:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or
liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Utilized
refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted
or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by
means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing
in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year).
Examples of such utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road
materials. The information shall be collected by the producing units of the
wastes.
Ratio
of Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes
utilized over industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the
previous year). Its calculation formula is:
Stocks
of Industrial Solid Wastes
refers to volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites
for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take
measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Disposed
refers to quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed
ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection
and not salvaged or recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes
of previous years). The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be
conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep
underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Discharged
refers to volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises
to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or
dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Output Value of Products Made from Waste Gas, Waste
Water and Solid Wastes
refers current value of products with waste gas, waste water and solid wastes
as main materials of production. Products sold and ready to sell shall be
included while those produced for own use shall not be included.
Consumption Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes
collected and transported to disposal factories or sites. Consumption wastes
are solid wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for
urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban
consumption wastes, including those from households, commercial activities,
markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining
units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes
Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical
statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes
produced is replaced with that transported. Its calculation formula is:
Area under Land Survey refers to the total area of land, under the land
survey, within the jurisdiction of the administrative region, including land
for agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for agriculture
production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and
other agriculture activities.
Cultivated Land at Beginning (End) of the Year refers to total area of cultivated land within the
geographic area of statistical survey at the beginning (end) of the year.
Increase of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the increase of cultivated land during
the year as a result of land preparation, reclamation, new development,
adjustment of agriculture structure and other reasons.
Decrease of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the decrease of cultivated land during
the year as a result of adjustment of agriculture structure, construction
projects, natural disasters, conversion for ecological purpose, and other
reasons.
Area of Man-made Forests
refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by
airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of
trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of
manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, “grain for green” land, on which
acres of arbores or bushes are planted through manual planting, airplane
planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance with the required density
standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation,
and with a survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules
of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of
75% in areas with less that 400 mm of annual rainfall and without irrigation
facilities). Included in the this category are trees planted alone the
roadsides, riversides, or next to houses that occupy an area over 0.066
hectares, or where more than 4 lines of trees are planted. Total area of
afforestation is further classified by ownership (state-owned,
state-collective, collective or private), by approach of planting (manual,
airplane), and by type of forests (timber, by-products, protection, fuel,
special use, etc.).
Timber Forests refer to forests which is mainly for the production
of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
Fast-growing Timber Forests refer to forests intensively planted and managed
through scientific planning to produce fast-growing, high quality timber
product. In these forest bases,
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits,
nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine materials.
By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of
trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the manufacturing
industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees,
walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests
refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose
refer to forests planted mainly for national defence,
environment protection or scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests,
environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic
spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to
Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key regions,
these projects are ecological construction projects in the development
of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated
procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of
the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North
China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China
with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of sand
and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and the
ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of
project on North China protection forests, phase II of project on protection
forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Harnessing Source of Sand and Dust in
Beijing and Tianjin these Beijing-ring
projects aim at harnessing the sand and dust weather around Beijing China
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and
Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of
bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these projects look into the future with
strategic perspective and are integrated with international trends.
Projects on
Fast-growing Timber Forests Bases in Key Regions these are key projects for the forest industry
to strengthen its capacity in supplying more timber and forest by-products.
Wetlands
refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent
or temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or
semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 metres
deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove,
river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty
bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Mangrove refer to
evergreen woody plants or plant communities in tropical or sub-tropical zones
which live between the sea and the land in areas which are inundated by tides.
Nature Reserves refer to certain areas of land,
waters or sea that are representative in natural ecological systems, or are
natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals or plants, or water
conservation zones, or the location of important natural or historic relics,
which are demarked by law and put under special protection and management. Nature
reserves are designated by the formal approval of governments at and above
county level (including those approved by relevant departments or “revolutionary
committees” before 1980). Scenic spots and cultural preservation zones are not
included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones
refer to administrative areas approved by the environment protection
agencies of central and provincial governments and established by provincial,
prefecture or county governments in line with the approved programme
for ecological demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted
by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments
and those under pilot development stage.
Landslides
refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes
sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force.
Role of surface water and underground water, and destruction of the stability
of slopes by irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering
the landslides. Several damages are often caused by landslides in open mining,
in water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and
highways.
Collapse
refers to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth
suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational
force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance
of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river
course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood
torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is
found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic
features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the
mud-rock flow.
Land Subside
refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding
into holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors. Land subside can be
classified as karst subside and non-karst subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction
Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to
economic or social activities that are in contrast to environment protection
laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to the
environment pollution, the destruction of protected wild animals, plants or
nature reserves, the damage to human health, the economic and property losses,
and the negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution
Harnessing Projects
refers to the proportion of investment in fixed
assets in the total investment in harnessing industrial pollution and in the
construction of urban environment infrastructure facilities. It includes investment
in harnessing sources of industrial pollution, investment in environment protection
facilities designed concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban
environment infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation
refers to the
investment in capital construction and updating projects in afforestation
during the reference period.
Unspent Capitals from Last Year
refer to capitals from the last year that have not been invested in the
fixed assets, including value of materials that have not been used yet, the
value of equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment during the Year
reflecting the actual size of investment completed during January 1 and
December 31 of the reference year, this indicator is important in estimating
investment efficiency and in making annual analysis of the performance of the
national economy.