B-Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators |
Comparable
Prices refer to prices that
are used to remove the factors of price change in calculating economic
aggregates, so as to facilitate comparison of aggregates over time. Two
methods are used for calculating economic aggregates at comparable prices:
1.Multiplying the output of products by their constant prices of certain
year; 2.Deflation of
data at current prices by relevant price index. |
Constant
Price refers to the average
price of a given product in certain year, which is used for comparison of
output value over time. As the output value at constant prices removes the
factor of price changes, it reflects the trend of production development over
time. Since 1949,with the changes in general price level, the State
Statistical Bureau has issued nationally unified constant prices five times: the
1952 constant prices for 1949-1957;the 1957 constant prices for 1957-1971;
the 1970 constant prices for 1971-1981; the 1980 constant prices for
1981-1990;and the 1990 constant prices have been used since 1991. |
Average
Annual Growth Rate Two
methods for calculating average annual growth rate are applied in China, one
is often called level approachor the method of
calculating geometric average, which is derived by comparing the level of the
last year of the interval with that of the beginning year; the other is
called accumulative approach or algebraic average or equation method, which
is derived by the summation of the actual figure of each year in the interval
divided by the figure in the base year. |
Usually the results
calculated by the two methods are fairly close, but they differed sharply
when uneven economic development occurred with striking fluctuations in
growth. |
The average annual growth
rates listed in this statistical yearbook are calculated by level approach
except for the growth rate of investment in fixed assets. The base years are
not listed when the years are listed for average annual growth rates. For
instance, the average annual growth rate of 43 years since 1949 is listed as
average annual growth rate of 1950-1992 without listing the base year
1949.And the analogy of this is also the same for the rest of the years. |
Registration
Status of Enterprises Enterprises are classified
into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded enterprises, enterprises with
investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and enterprises with foreign
investment, in the light of the registration status of an enterprise in
industrial and commercial administration agencies. Domestic-funded
enterprises include state-owned enterprises, collective-owned enterprises, cooperative
enterprises, joint ownership enterprises, limited liability corporations,
share-holding corporations Ltd., private enterprises and other enterprises.
Included in the enterprises with investment from |
State-owned
Enterprises refer to
non-corporation economic units where the entire assets are owned by the state
and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation of the Peoples Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises.
Excluded from this category are sole state-funded corporations in the limited
liability corporations. |
Collective-owned
Enterprises refer to economic
units where the assets are owned collectively and which have registered in
accordance with the Regulation of the
Peoples Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate
Enterprises. |
Cooperative
Enterprises refer to a form of collective economic
units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from employees as their
shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside, where production
is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting
for profits and losses, joint work, democratic management, and a distribution
system that integrates remuneration according to work with dividend according
to capital share. |
Joint
Ownership Enterprises refer to economic units
established by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of
the same or different ownership, through joint investment on the basis of
equality, voluntary participation and mutual benefits. They include state
joint ownership enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises, joint
state-collective enterprises, other joint ownership enterprises. |
Limited
Liability Corporations
refer to economic units established with investment from 2-50
investors and registered in accordance with the Regulation of the Peoples Republic of China on the Management of Registration
of Corporations, each investor bearing limited liability to the
corporation depending on its share of investment, and the corporation bearing
liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets. Limited liability
corporations include exclusive state-funded limited liability corporations
and other limited liability corporations. |
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the Peoples Republic of
China on the Management of
Registration of Corporations, with total registered capitals
divided into equal shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor
bears limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of
shares, and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its
total assets. |
Private
Enterprises refer to
profit-making economic units invested and established by natural persons, or
controlled by natural persons using employed labour. Included in this category
are private limited liability corporations, private share-holding
corporations Ltd., private partnership enterprises and private-funded
enterprises registered in accordance with the Corporation Law, Partnership
Enterprises Law and Interim
Regulations on Private Enterprises . |
Other
Domestic-funded Enterprises
refer to domestic-funded economic units other than those mentioned
above. |
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to enterprises
jointly established by investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan with
enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law
of the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign Joint Venture Enterprises
and other relevant laws, where the share of investment, profits and risks is
stipulated in the contract. |
Cooperative
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan ,
established by investors from Hong
Kong, Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in
accordance with the Law of the Peoples
Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises and other
relevant laws, where the investment or provision of facilities, and the share
of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract. |
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Investment from |
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding
corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where
the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds
25% of the total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of
investment from |
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly
established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the
mainland of |
Cooperation
Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises
jointly established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in
the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative
Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of
facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the
cooperative contract. |
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Foreign Investment refer to enterprises
established in the mainland of |
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Foreign Investment refer to share-holding
corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where
the share of investment from foreign investors exceeds 25% of the total
registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of foreign
investment is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the enterprise
is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding corporation Ltd. |
Government
Agencies, Institutions and Social Organizations are classified into following
categories by source of funds and way of management taking reference of the
registration status of enterprises: |
(1) Government agencies:
include state and party agencies, classified in principle as “state-owned”.
There are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperatives which are
classified as “collective”. |
(2) Institutions: include
institutions of various types established with the approval by organization
and staffing departments of the government, but exclude institutions where
enterprise management system is introduced. Institutions are further
classified as follows: |
(a) Institutions whose
main budget is listed in the government budget appropriations or extra-budget
funds, or allocated from the budget of their competent government agencies.
Such institutions are classified as “state-owned”. |
(b) Institutions whose
budget mainly comes from collective units. Such institutions are classified
as “collective”. |
(c) Institutions other
than those mentioned above whose source of budget is
not clear. Such institutions are classified by way of management. |
(3) Social organizations:
include social organizations established with the approval from the Ministry
of Civil Affairs, and organizations that are not covered by social
organization management regulations such as trade unions, women’s federations
etc.. Social organizations are further classified as follows: |
(a) Social organizations
that are not covered by social organization management regulations of the
Ministry of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, women’s federations,
communist youth leagues, youth associations, industrial and commerce
associations, scientists associations, overseas Chinese associations, etc.,
foundations and fund management organizations established with funds from the
state, and social organizations whose funds mainly come from the budget of
their competent government agencies. Such institutions are classified as
“state-owned”. |
(b) Social organizations
whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such institutions are classified
as “collective”. |
(c) Social organizations
established by individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as
“private”. |
(d) Social organizations
other than those mentioned above whose source of budget is
not clear. Such organizations are classified by way of management. |